新概念英语第一册语法总汇 一
时态：
一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时
1. 一般现在时 表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。
usually, sometimes, always, often 等词在英文中被称为“频度副词”，是用来表示动作频率的，但程度上有别。一般来说可按频率大小排列： always＞usually＞often＞sometimes＞seldom（很少）＞hardly ever＞never（从不）
含有be动词的句子
He is a teacher.
The girl is very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are students.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is he a teacher?
Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
He is not a teacher.
The girl is not very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are not students.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子
第三人称单数及单数名词
He likes books.
She likes him.
The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型
Does he like books?
Does she like him?
Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
He doesn’t like books.
She doesn’t like him.
The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。
其他人称及复数名词
I want to have a bath.
We have some meat.
The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath?
Do we have any meat?
Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath.
We don’t have any meat.
The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
2. 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。
构成：主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分
We are having lunch.
He is reading a book.
The dog is running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are we having lunch?
Is he reading a book?
Is the dog running after a cat?
Are the boys swimming across the river?
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
We are not having lunch.
He is not reading a book.
The dog is not running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.
疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词
What are you doing?
What is she doing?
What is the dog doing? (必背)
没有进行时的动词
表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
1. 表示感觉，感官的词
see, hear, like, love, want, 2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时
3. 一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句：
What did you do?(必背)
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 现在完成时
构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词
用法：
1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school for 1 year.
4)表示一种经历，经验：去过„地方，做过„事情，经历过„事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London. (人已经回来)
He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时
注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用 错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days. 对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般将来时
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
What will you do?
6. 过去完成时：
用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
They had sold the car before I asked the price.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。 ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Had she finished her homework?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
She hadn’t finished her homework.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
★特殊疑问句：
What had she done?
7. 过去进行时
表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
8．过去将来时
一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。 一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。
结构：would do
She said she would go here the next morning.
二． 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
(必背)
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not.
三．问句： 一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What is your name?
选择疑问句: or Do you want beef or lamb?
反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
You don’t need that pen, do you?
否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
四．冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法
详细见笔记
不定冠词--所表示
1) 表示"一个"，意为 one ；指某人或某物，意为a certain 。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot of / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
不定冠词--作用
1） 不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是：用在的单数形式前表示泛指--表明一类人或事物区别于它类。 例：I am a Chinese. 我是(一个)中国人。 This is a book. 这是（一本）书。
2）为了读音的方便，在以元音音素开头的可数名词的单数名词前用an而不用a。当我们使用an时，条件有三：
①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头--即它的 音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头。②它必须是个可数名词。③它还必须是个单数名词。
我们常常见到这类用法：a university 一所大学 an hour 一个小时 an orange 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程师 an ordinary man一个普通人 an honest person一位诚实的人
不定冠词--基本用法
1）用于泛指人或者事
She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在学校附近租一套房子。
Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 萨莉动身去伦敦前送给我一张她的照片。
A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说，语法书是很必要的。
A teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放在讲台上。
2) 用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的，我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。例如：have a rest（休息） have a look（瞧瞧） have a good time（过得开心） take a shower（淋浴） take a break（休息） take a bath（洗澡） get a cold（患感冒） get a fever（发烧） develop into a habit （养成习惯） make a living（谋生） make a guess at（猜测） make a difference between（区分） in a moment（过一会儿） in a sense（在某种意义上） in a way（在某种程度上） once in a while（间或） have an advantage over（优于） have an edge（略胜过）as a result（因此）as a rule（通常）as a whole（总体上说） a/an 不定冠词和 the 定冠词的用法
在名称或唯一地名前禁用
在名称或唯一地名前禁用： 名称前禁用: 1）Mr.Green lives in Bridge Stree. 基本文法说明
英文中的冠词是用来指称陪伴单数可数名词，也就是当你在句子中提到单个或单件的人事物时，需要在前面加个冠词来表示单“一”的存在。而冠词中又分为「不定冠词」以及「定冠词」两类。顾名思义，「定冠词 the」的使用时机在于你所提到的单数名词是“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物，反之如果没有特定的指称对象就只要用「不定冠词 a/an」就可以了。 错误发生情况及修正练习
仔细看看下列的句子，哪里出了错？又该如何修正？ A. I am not English. I am Chinese. 我不是英国人。。 B. Our department needs a secretary and accountant. 我们部门需要一名秘书和一名会计。 C. I am eating an apple pie. An apple pie is still hot. 我正在吃苹果派。这派还正热着呢。
错误修正及解释
正确的句子如下：A. I am not an English.I am a Chinese. 根本忘记在单数名词前面加冠词 会发生这样的错误通常是因为受到中文习惯的影响，因为在中文的表达里我们并不一定会把“一个”或“一样”等等的量词说出来或写出来，所以在英文表达的时候要特别留意。
B. Our department needs a secretary and an accountant. 有的时候忘记在后面的单数名词加冠词 虽然and 之类的连接词有连接前后两个名词的功用，但是个别的冠词还是不能省哦！
C. I am eating an apple pie. The apple pie is still hot. 搞不清楚定冠词 the 应该用在“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物前面 通常第一次提到一样东西或一个人的时候，我们是在介绍全新或者是听者不知道的人事物，因此不需要特别指定只要用不定冠词 a/an 就可以了。但是当我们在后来的叙述或谈话中再次提到“那”一样东西或“某”个人的时候，就要用到定冠词 the 来表示先前已经提过的单数名词。
定冠词
基本用法
1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2.用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请把门打开。
3.用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”） Once
there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. 从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
4.用在序数词和形容词最高级前 January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。
5.表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界
6.指由普通名词构成的专有名词 the West Lake the Great Wall 长城 the United States the United Nations 联合国 定冠词的用法-2
7.表示方向、方位 in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方 in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面 in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部 on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Yellow River 黄河 the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人 The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员 the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物
11.用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class the Chinese Communist Party
12. 用在the very强调句中 This is the very book I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。
13. 在the more, the more的句式中 The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。
14.表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 [中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)]
15.某些固定的表达法 in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头 on the way to 前往...去的路上
16.the加单数可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法 A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.
17.在“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不 用人称代词。 take sb.
by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红 be lame in theright leg 右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the
特殊用法
18. 特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 19. 与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
20. 表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
21. 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国
22. 用在某些习惯用语中 at the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句 for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影 in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中，不知道 in the least 一点，丝毫 in the open 在野外 in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看 in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午 in the way 挡道，碍事 on the whole总体上 on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地 out of the question不可能的
五．限定词：some, any, many, much
some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
六．六．名词：种类，复数，名词所有格
1名词分为可数名词和不可数名词2
不可数名词
无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）
抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）
不可数名词有以下特点：
不能用a, an修饰 不能加s
和单数be动词或动词搭配
可数名词：
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1
一般情况+s
e.g. shell→shells book→books
规则2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es
e.g. fox→foxes
church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches
规则3
以o结尾+s或+es
e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro['ni:grəu]→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，
七．（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radio→radios
规则4
以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves
e.g. life→lives
half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives
规则5
以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es
e.g. sky→skies
fly→flies
不规则变化的名词复数形式
man men woman women foot feet
goose geese tooth teeth
单数 复数
child children sheep sheep deer deer mouse mice fish
八．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化
u 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：
The book is very good.
He runs fast.
She came here quite early.
Certainly I will go with you.
u变化：
1．直接在形容词后加-ly,
careful-carefully, slow-slowly,
2．以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,
happy-happily, lucky-luckily fish
3．有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化
fast, hard, late
4．有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：
neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,
九．情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
He can make the tea.
Sally can air the room.
We can speak English.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea?
Can Sally air the room?
Can we speak English?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
He cannot make the tea.
Sally cannot air the room.
We cannot speak English.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he cannot.
Yes, she can. No, she cannot.
Yes, we can. No, we cannot.
★特殊疑问句：
What can you do?
(必背)
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
2．Must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做 must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。 U can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
4．need 用法：
u表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
U Need doing=need to be done，表示被动
The flowers need watering.
U Need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.
十．不定代词及不定副词：
Some
any
no
every
thing
something
anything
nothing
everything
one
someone
anyone
anything
everyone
where
somewhere
anywhere
anywhere
everywhere
body
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody
I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.
If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.
Help! Somebody? Anybody?
You are really something.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class.
Where did you go? I went nowhere.
Nobody is at home.
I have nothing left.
十一． 感叹句：
由感叹词what引导的感叹句。
what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种：
1. What+a(an)+（形容词）+可数名词++！或是：What+名词词组+主语+谓语！如：
What an apple this is! What a fine day it is!
2. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What kind women they are! What nice music it is!
由How引导的感叹句。 how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！
How hard the workers are working!
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
注意：当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
How the runner runs!
what与how引导的感叹句，一般下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。如：
What an interesting story it is!==How interesting the story is! what a beautiful building it is!==How beautiful the building is!
在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如：
What a nice present!（省略it is） How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）
十二． 祈使句：
l 第二人称： let+其他人称代词
祈使句的否定，加don’t
反意疑问
祈使句（第二人称）
祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。
★肯定句 动词原型
例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. 祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾
Come in, Amy.
Sit down here, Tom.
Mary, give me a book please.
★否定：Don't+动词原型
Don't come here.
Don’t sit down.
Don’t stand up.
Don’t give me it.
let sb. do
Let me pass.
Let us have a rest.
Let’s have a rest.
(反意疑问)：
Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we?
Let us go out for a drink, will you? 十三．
倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg.
He can swim. So can I.
I didn’t go to class. Neither did I.
1. 完全倒装：
1）So + be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语。
表示不同的主语有着相同的肯定的情况。
如：He is a student. So is his brother.
即：他兄弟和他一样，都是一个学生。
2）Neither + be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语。
表示不同的主语有着相同的否定的情况。
如：He can't play soccer. Neither can his brother.
即：他兄弟和他一样，都不会踢足球。
2. 部分倒装：
1）So + 主语 + be/助动词/情态动词。
表示前句主语的肯定的情况属实。
如：--She likes flowers. --So she does.
翻译：--她喜欢花儿。--她的确如此（她的确喜欢花儿）。
2）Neither + 主语 + be/助动词/情态动词。
表示前句主语的否定的情况属实。
如：--I haven't been to Beijing. --Neither you have.
翻译：--我没有去过北京。--你的确是这样的（你的确没有去过北京）。
结构：
so/neither+be+ 主语
so/neither+助动词+ 主语
so/neither+情态动词+ 主语
一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are
现在进行时, am, is, are
一般过去时, did
现在完成时, have, has
一般将来时, will, shall,
过去进行时，was, were
过去完成时，had
过去将来时, would
十四．直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
u时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can----------------could
may---------------might
u时间地点及指示词的变化：
here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that„
U 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
十五、直接宾语/间接宾语
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物，间接宾语是指动词所涉及的人。例如:
They gave him a watch. 他们给了他一块手表。
这里的him是间接宾语，a watch是直接宾语，间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现时叫双宾语。
英语中，有许多及物动词后面能跟双宾语，如：give, bring, lend, pass, send, show, leave, buy, tell, teach, sell, write, buy, sing等。例如：
He teaches us English. 他教我们英语。
The old man told us a story yesterday.
那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事。
★注意：“及物动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语”的结构一般可以改写为“及物动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ for / to sb.”的结构。例如：
She bought me some presents.
=She bought some presents for me.
她给我买了一些礼物。
Please show me your new book.
=Please show your new book to me.
请给我看看你的新书。
十六．
从句： 宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句） u宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。
u定语从句：
u表语从句：
u状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：
主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系 句型： 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 If he comes, he will bring his violin. What will you do if you win a lot of money?
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
典型例题 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意： 1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
十七．动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)
结构： to do,
用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。
做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want, like, ask ,try„
做宾补：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do„
1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese， so his Chinese is much better than before.
A. help him B. to help him with
C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)
2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)
Key： 1. B 2. C 不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。
代词及be动词
新概念英语第一册语法总汇 一
时态：
一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时
1. 一般现在时 表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。
usually, sometimes, always, often 等词在英文中被称为“频度副词”，是用来表示动作频率的，但程度上有别。一般来说可按频率大小排列： always＞usually＞often＞sometimes＞seldom（很少）＞hardly ever＞never（从不）
含有be动词的句子
He is a teacher.
The girl is very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are students.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is he a teacher?
Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
He is not a teacher.
The girl is not very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are not students.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子
第三人称单数及单数名词
He likes books.
She likes him.
The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型
Does he like books?
Does she like him?
Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
He doesn’t like books.
She doesn’t like him.
The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。
其他人称及复数名词
I want to have a bath.
We have some meat.
The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath?
Do we have any meat?
Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath.
We don’t have any meat.
The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
2. 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。
构成：主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分
We are having lunch.
He is reading a book.
The dog is running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are we having lunch?
Is he reading a book?
Is the dog running after a cat?
Are the boys swimming across the river?
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
We are not having lunch.
He is not reading a book.
The dog is not running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.
疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词
What are you doing?
What is she doing?
What is the dog doing? (必背)
没有进行时的动词
表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
1. 表示感觉，感官的词
see, hear, like, love, want, 2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时
3. 一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句：
What did you do?(必背)
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 现在完成时
构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词
用法：
1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school for 1 year.
4)表示一种经历，经验：去过„地方，做过„事情，经历过„事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London. (人已经回来)
He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时
注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用 错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days. 对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般将来时
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
What will you do?
6. 过去完成时：
用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
They had sold the car before I asked the price.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。 ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Had she finished her homework?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
She hadn’t finished her homework.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
★特殊疑问句：
What had she done?
7. 过去进行时
表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
8．过去将来时
一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。 一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。
结构：would do
She said she would go here the next morning.
二． 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
(必背)
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not.
三．问句： 一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What is your name?
选择疑问句: or Do you want beef or lamb?
反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
You don’t need that pen, do you?
否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
四．冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法
详细见笔记
不定冠词--所表示
1) 表示"一个"，意为 one ；指某人或某物，意为a certain 。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot of / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
不定冠词--作用
1） 不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是：用在的单数形式前表示泛指--表明一类人或事物区别于它类。 例：I am a Chinese. 我是(一个)中国人。 This is a book. 这是（一本）书。
2）为了读音的方便，在以元音音素开头的可数名词的单数名词前用an而不用a。当我们使用an时，条件有三：
①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头--即它的 音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头。②它必须是个可数名词。③它还必须是个单数名词。
我们常常见到这类用法：a university 一所大学 an hour 一个小时 an orange 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程师 an ordinary man一个普通人 an honest person一位诚实的人
不定冠词--基本用法
1）用于泛指人或者事
She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在学校附近租一套房子。
Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 萨莉动身去伦敦前送给我一张她的照片。
A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说，语法书是很必要的。
A teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放在讲台上。
2) 用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的，我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。例如：have a rest（休息） have a look（瞧瞧） have a good time（过得开心） take a shower（淋浴） take a break（休息） take a bath（洗澡） get a cold（患感冒） get a fever（发烧） develop into a habit （养成习惯） make a living（谋生） make a guess at（猜测） make a difference between（区分） in a moment（过一会儿） in a sense（在某种意义上） in a way（在某种程度上） once in a while（间或） have an advantage over（优于） have an edge（略胜过）as a result（因此）as a rule（通常）as a whole（总体上说） a/an 不定冠词和 the 定冠词的用法
在名称或唯一地名前禁用
在名称或唯一地名前禁用： 名称前禁用: 1）Mr.Green lives in Bridge Stree. 基本文法说明
英文中的冠词是用来指称陪伴单数可数名词，也就是当你在句子中提到单个或单件的人事物时，需要在前面加个冠词来表示单“一”的存在。而冠词中又分为「不定冠词」以及「定冠词」两类。顾名思义，「定冠词 the」的使用时机在于你所提到的单数名词是“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物，反之如果没有特定的指称对象就只要用「不定冠词 a/an」就可以了。 错误发生情况及修正练习
仔细看看下列的句子，哪里出了错？又该如何修正？ A. I am not English. I am Chinese. 我不是英国人。。 B. Our department needs a secretary and accountant. 我们部门需要一名秘书和一名会计。 C. I am eating an apple pie. An apple pie is still hot. 我正在吃苹果派。这派还正热着呢。
错误修正及解释
正确的句子如下：A. I am not an English.I am a Chinese. 根本忘记在单数名词前面加冠词 会发生这样的错误通常是因为受到中文习惯的影响，因为在中文的表达里我们并不一定会把“一个”或“一样”等等的量词说出来或写出来，所以在英文表达的时候要特别留意。
B. Our department needs a secretary and an accountant. 有的时候忘记在后面的单数名词加冠词 虽然and 之类的连接词有连接前后两个名词的功用，但是个别的冠词还是不能省哦！
C. I am eating an apple pie. The apple pie is still hot. 搞不清楚定冠词 the 应该用在“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物前面 通常第一次提到一样东西或一个人的时候，我们是在介绍全新或者是听者不知道的人事物，因此不需要特别指定只要用不定冠词 a/an 就可以了。但是当我们在后来的叙述或谈话中再次提到“那”一样东西或“某”个人的时候，就要用到定冠词 the 来表示先前已经提过的单数名词。
定冠词
基本用法
1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2.用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请把门打开。
3.用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”） Once
there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. 从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
4.用在序数词和形容词最高级前 January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。
5.表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界
6.指由普通名词构成的专有名词 the West Lake the Great Wall 长城 the United States the United Nations 联合国 定冠词的用法-2
7.表示方向、方位 in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方 in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面 in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部 on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Yellow River 黄河 the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人 The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员 the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物
11.用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class the Chinese Communist Party
12. 用在the very强调句中 This is the very book I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。
13. 在the more, the more的句式中 The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。
14.表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 [中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)]
15.某些固定的表达法 in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头 on the way to 前往...去的路上
16.the加单数可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法 A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.
17.在“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不 用人称代词。 take sb.
by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红 be lame in theright leg 右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the
特殊用法
18. 特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 19. 与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
20. 表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
21. 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国
22. 用在某些习惯用语中 at the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句 for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影 in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中，不知道 in the least 一点，丝毫 in the open 在野外 in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看 in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午 in the way 挡道，碍事 on the whole总体上 on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地 out of the question不可能的
五．限定词：some, any, many, much
some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
六．六．名词：种类，复数，名词所有格
1名词分为可数名词和不可数名词2
不可数名词
无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）
抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）
不可数名词有以下特点：
不能用a, an修饰 不能加s
和单数be动词或动词搭配
可数名词：
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1
一般情况+s
e.g. shell→shells book→books
规则2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es
e.g. fox→foxes
church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches
规则3
以o结尾+s或+es
e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro['ni:grəu]→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，
七．（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radio→radios
规则4
以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves
e.g. life→lives
half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives
规则5
以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es
e.g. sky→skies
fly→flies
不规则变化的名词复数形式
man men woman women foot feet
goose geese tooth teeth
单数 复数
child children sheep sheep deer deer mouse mice fish
八．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化
u 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：
The book is very good.
He runs fast.
She came here quite early.
Certainly I will go with you.
u变化：
1．直接在形容词后加-ly,
careful-carefully, slow-slowly,
2．以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,
happy-happily, lucky-luckily fish
3．有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化
fast, hard, late
4．有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：
neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,
九．情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
He can make the tea.
Sally can air the room.
We can speak English.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea?
Can Sally air the room?
Can we speak English?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
He cannot make the tea.
Sally cannot air the room.
We cannot speak English.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he cannot.
Yes, she can. No, she cannot.
Yes, we can. No, we cannot.
★特殊疑问句：
What can you do?
(必背)
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
2．Must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做 must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。 U can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
4．need 用法：
u表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
U Need doing=need to be done，表示被动
The flowers need watering.
U Need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.
十．不定代词及不定副词：
Some
any
no
every
thing
something
anything
nothing
everything
one
someone
anyone
anything
everyone
where
somewhere
anywhere
anywhere
everywhere
body
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody
I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.
If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.
Help! Somebody? Anybody?
You are really something.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class.
Where did you go? I went nowhere.
Nobody is at home.
I have nothing left.
十一． 感叹句：
由感叹词what引导的感叹句。
what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种：
1. What+a(an)+（形容词）+可数名词++！或是：What+名词词组+主语+谓语！如：
What an apple this is! What a fine day it is!
2. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What kind women they are! What nice music it is!
由How引导的感叹句。 how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！
How hard the workers are working!
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
注意：当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
How the runner runs!
what与how引导的感叹句，一般下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。如：
What an interesting story it is!==How interesting the story is! what a beautiful building it is!==How beautiful the building is!
在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如：
What a nice present!（省略it is） How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）
十二． 祈使句：
l 第二人称： let+其他人称代词
祈使句的否定，加don’t
反意疑问
祈使句（第二人称）
祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。
★肯定句 动词原型
例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. 祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾
Come in, Amy.
Sit down here, Tom.
Mary, give me a book please.
★否定：Don't+动词原型
Don't come here.
Don’t sit down.
Don’t stand up.
Don’t give me it.
let sb. do
Let me pass.
Let us have a rest.
Let’s have a rest.
(反意疑问)：
Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we?
Let us go out for a drink, will you? 十三．
倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg.
He can swim. So can I.
I didn’t go to class. Neither did I.
1. 完全倒装：
1）So + be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语。
表示不同的主语有着相同的肯定的情况。
如：He is a student. So is his brother.
即：他兄弟和他一样，都是一个学生。
2）Neither + be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语。
表示不同的主语有着相同的否定的情况。
如：He can't play soccer. Neither can his brother.
即：他兄弟和他一样，都不会踢足球。
2. 部分倒装：
1）So + 主语 + be/助动词/情态动词。
表示前句主语的肯定的情况属实。
如：--She likes flowers. --So she does.
翻译：--她喜欢花儿。--她的确如此（她的确喜欢花儿）。
2）Neither + 主语 + be/助动词/情态动词。
表示前句主语的否定的情况属实。
如：--I haven't been to Beijing. --Neither you have.
翻译：--我没有去过北京。--你的确是这样的（你的确没有去过北京）。
结构：
so/neither+be+ 主语
so/neither+助动词+ 主语
so/neither+情态动词+ 主语
一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are
现在进行时, am, is, are
一般过去时, did
现在完成时, have, has
一般将来时, will, shall,
过去进行时，was, were
过去完成时，had
过去将来时, would
十四．直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
u时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can----------------could
may---------------might
u时间地点及指示词的变化：
here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that„
U 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
十五、直接宾语/间接宾语
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物，间接宾语是指动词所涉及的人。例如:
They gave him a watch. 他们给了他一块手表。
这里的him是间接宾语，a watch是直接宾语，间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现时叫双宾语。
英语中，有许多及物动词后面能跟双宾语，如：give, bring, lend, pass, send, show, leave, buy, tell, teach, sell, write, buy, sing等。例如：
He teaches us English. 他教我们英语。
The old man told us a story yesterday.
那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事。
★注意：“及物动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语”的结构一般可以改写为“及物动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ for / to sb.”的结构。例如：
She bought me some presents.
=She bought some presents for me.
她给我买了一些礼物。
Please show me your new book.
=Please show your new book to me.
请给我看看你的新书。
十六．
从句： 宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句） u宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。
u定语从句：
u表语从句：
u状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：
主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系 句型： 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 If he comes, he will bring his violin. What will you do if you win a lot of money?
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
典型例题 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意： 1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
十七．动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)
结构： to do,
用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。
做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want, like, ask ,try„
做宾补：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do„
1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese， so his Chinese is much better than before.
A. help him B. to help him with
C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)
2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)
Key： 1. B 2. C 不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。
代词及be动词