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第六章
從屬子句(二)---形容詞子句
兩個句子彼此間有一個重複的元素，由此建立「關係」，用關係子句來合成複句。
For boyfriend I’m looking for a man (who is tall, rich and well-educated).
關係代名詞: Who/Whom (人) Which (事物)
● 關代 前一定要有關聯的先行詞 (可單數、可複數) ● 關代 在所引導的形容詞子句要作S, O, C。 (否則關代前要有介詞) Ex:
1. The man (whom) you saw just now is my uncle.
2. He is not the man (who) he used to be.
3. He has a car which was made in West Germany.
4. He is a man with whom I enjoy working. (正式寫作用) = He is a man (whom) I enjoy working with. = He is a man (that) I enjoy working with.
4.5.This is the book which he gave me. (授與動詞有兩受詞)
關代作受詞與補語可省略，(因前後兩句子斷句很清楚，把關係詞省掉也不
會影響句子的清楚性，所以可省) 。
我父親來了，他是個英文老師。 (非限定修飾，分開分別解釋)
6. My wife, who is living in Tainan, is beautiful. 7.I like Taiwan’s son, which many people like, too.
(此來補充說明部份，和主要子句隔開，關代雖為受詞但也不適合省略。)
7
.5harm to his health.
(which 也可用來代替整個句子，但前面一定要有逗點，而且指涉要清楚)
7.6
somewhat surprised me. (不佳)
7.7
learned of. (不佳)
7.8not been informed of.
8.The accuracy of the results of intelligence tests on students often
depends on the environment-----the students have lived.
(A) which (B) which in (C) in which (D) in ………C
throughout Europe is known as the Renaissance.
10.Elephants have well-developed brains that -----about 12 or 13 pounds, three or four times heavier than the human brain.
(A) it weight (B) it weights (C) weigh (D) it weighing ………C
11.Thomas Alva Edison is a typical example of a great thinking figure who greatly changed man’s way of life.
Little Women
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That 亦可當做關代，可取代who, whom, which 1. that借自指示代名詞，具有指示的功能，
2. that ，如果用who 等反而不當。 3. 如果關係子句缺乏指示的功能，就不該借用指示代名詞that 當關代。 如:關代that 前不可有逗點形式的非限定用法、也不可有介係詞。
(但在2中一定要以that 當關代的觀念，在現代美語中，有日趨淡薄。) (當關係子句用逗點與主要子句隔開，逗點後的關係子句為補充說明的功能，失去了指示的功能，所以關代不能用that 來替代。) Ex:
14.I like books, whatever the subject, that have illustrations.
(就是我弄丟的那一隻錶)
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(先行詞性質不一)
(避免與疑問詞重覆)
22.Where is the book (that) you bought yesterday?
23.The establishment of a university is usually beneficial to the area in that which the university is located.
關代所有格: Whose (人/物)
● 關代所有格+所引導的名詞，仍要做形容詞子句中的主詞或受詞。 ● 否則關代所有格前要有介係詞，該介系詞亦可移至形容詞子句句尾。 Ex:
1.I met a woman whose beauty took my breath away.
2.It was an event whose importance I didn’t realize at that time.
3.I admire Shakespeare, whose works I have been widely studied.
4.I admire Shakespeare, whose works I have studied for many times.
5.This is Mr.Tsung, through whose efforts Merica has been established
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for more than thirty years.
6.I hate John, in whose words I have no trust. = I hate John, whose words I have no trust in.
老式英語中 whose 可用of which 取代 (of 屬於所有的概念) awkward and wordy “of which” constructions.)
7. This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much. the color of which I like very much.
of which the color I like very much. (較不普遍)
8. Anthropology is a term describing varied fields of study ----central characteristic is a concentration on the activities and beliefs of man. (A) since (B) whose (C) for (D) and ………B
with the simplicity often related to the Japanese people before World War Ⅱ.
關代指示形容詞: Which
關代指示形容詞+所引導的名詞，仍要做形容詞子句中的主詞或受詞。 Ex:
1. He speaks German, which language I don’t understand.
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注意插入語:
(形容詞子句的關代不會受插入語的影響)
I think / believe / feel / know / consider / find ……
2.He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.
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關係副詞:
如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫為關係副詞。關係副詞因為是副詞類，不像關係代名詞是重要的名詞類，所以關係副詞可以比較自由省略。但是它與關係代名詞一樣，如果有括弧性的逗點隔開，就不能省略了。
關副由「介系詞+關代which 」變化而成。
when = (in which, on which, at which, during which…) where = (in which, on which, at which…) why = (for which) how = (in which)
⊙在口語中that 可用來代替when why how(除了where) 此用法that 常省略
WHEN (由時間副詞then 的改寫)
The rain came (at a time) (when) the farmers needed it most. 兩者皆為副詞，可擇一省略
1.I need some time (when/that) I can be with my daughter.
2.He came on Friday, on which/ when it was raining hard.
4. That’s the year in which/ (when) he graduated.
5. The sun rose at 5:30, at which/ when most people were still in their dreams.
WHERE (由地方副詞there 的改寫)
The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met. 兩者皆為副詞，可擇一省略
1. The Johnsons have a place (where) they can get away from other people.
2. This is the city in which /(where) I met Mary. --This is [where I met Mary].
3. I met him at the station, at which/ where there were many passengers.
4. Do you see the desk on which / where there is a book?
(在確定的地方名詞後不能用限定修飾，而只能補充說明)
WHY (由for a reason改寫)
I’ve forgotten I’ve forgotten the reason (why) I called.
1. That’s the reason for which / (why) he committed suicide.
2. I don’t see the reason why/that you were late. = I don’t see the reason you were late. = I don’t see [why you were late].
HOW (由in the way改寫)
Can you show me the way (how) you pulled off that trick.
1.I am sick of the way in which he looks at me. = I am sick of the way that he looks at me. = I am sick of how he looks at me. = I am sick of the way he looks at me.
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關副所修飾的先行詞，若為be 後的補語，則可省略該先行詞，保留關副。 Ex:
1.That is (the place) [where he was born]. 2. That is (the day) [when he’ll come]. 3. That is (the reason) [why he left]. 4. That is (the way) [how he did it].
(the way 與 how 一定要擇其一省略，否則語義重覆。)
● WH-的名詞子句是由疑問詞引導的疑問句改造而成，表示一個問題。 (疑代、疑形who whose whom which what/疑副when where why how )
● 複合關代接名詞子句 (複合關代兼具先行詞和關代的性質) what, whatever, whoever, who(m)ever, whosever, whichever.
● 字尾-ever 的複合關代也可引領av 子句 表示讓步或條件的語氣 (不論…) 所引導的副詞子句與主要子句中間有逗點相隔。
whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever, whosever
● when / where 本身為疑問副詞、還可引導名詞子句與副詞子句。
1. Put it where you found it.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志竟成 3. Where there is smoke, there is fire. 無風不起浪
4. Where there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒 5. When he left, it was raining.
I like to drive with my knees, otherwise, how can I put on my lipstick and talk on the phone. ~Sharon Stone
● whenever/wherever 為副詞連接詞，引導副詞子句
Whenever =(at any time不論何時 / every time that每當)
1.You may go home whenever /（at ）any time your work is done. 2.Whenever / Every time that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie. 3.The roof leaks whenever it rains.
Wherever =(in any place 無論什麼地方/ in all places that; everywhere處處) 1. Sit wherever you like. 2. I’ll find him, wherever he is.
3. Wherever/ No matter where there is a quarrel, he is sure to be there. 4. Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
● However I. II.
為副詞連接詞=(No matter how不論如何) ，引導副詞子句
為連接性的副詞 (然而)-----句義上有連接的語氣，但仍為一個副詞。
Ex:
1. However/ No matter how nice he is, I don’t like him. 2. However hard I studies, I don’t get good grades.
3.He is nice; however, I don’t like him. = He is nice. However, I don’t like him. = He is nice. I, however, don’t like him.
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準關係代名詞: than but as
這三個字通常都是用作純連接詞(沒有代名詞作用，亦即不能在其引領的子句裡做主詞、受詞或補語) ，但在幾個句型中，需要它們來客串關係代名詞。
Than---在有比較含義的句子中先行詞後的關代要用than 。 Ex:
4.I have more books than you have. = I have more books than you do. = I have more books than you. 6.You love her better than him. = You love her better than you love him. 7.You love her better than he. = You love her better than he loves her. 8.You love her better than John. (語義不清，John 有可能為主格或受格。)
course, the bad people enjoy the waking hours much more. (此句的than 為副詞連接詞。)
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But---(作關代時，前面的主要子句必須是否定的含義如 no, not, never, few 等字，{句型為t here + be + no… +but…} 此句型but 只當主詞， but 本身即是否定，所以引導的子句已是否定含義，不要在加not 了。 此種用法多用於文學作品中。) Ex:
4. There’s nothing in the
As---先行詞前有(such, the same , as+形 ) 任一形容詞時，關代用as 。
such + N + as… Ex:
the same + N + as… 同樣的，同類的 Ex:
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(同一類的) 同一本書) the same 之後的關代也可用that 但與先行詞指的是同一個東西。
7.Put the book back in the same place where you found it.
as + 形容詞 + N + as… 一樣的 Ex:
● 其作用相當於which ，在其引導的子句做主詞或受詞 ● 在其引導的子句與主要子句間必須有逗點
●
as 引導的子句可置於主要子句的前後，而which 引導的子則只能置於主要子句之後。
Ex:
1. We stand when the national anthem is played, as/which is the custom.
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2. He was a foreigner, as / which I knew from his accent.
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下列四組片語的句型中
so……that (如此…以致於) 書呆子 as……as (和 … 一樣) 阿西 too……to (太…而不能…) 土土 how… (多 麼 地 ) 好 若中間放置名詞，則只能置單數可數名詞，
否則須加上數量形容詞many/few+複數名詞 much/little+不可數名詞。 Ex:
5. He has so many things to do that he can’t go picnicking with us. 6. I have as much money as he (does). 7. He has too little money left to buy a car.
8. I don’t know how much time you can give me for that job.
9. He showed such concern that people took him to be a relative. (such…that…其中可置任何名詞)
10. It was such a boring speech that I fell asleep. 11. This is such good music that I love it. 12. They are such good students that I like them. 13. He is such a good student that I like him.
14.What good music it is! (What後可置任何名詞)
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So …(因) that…(果) 如此…以致於 so 為副詞，that 為副詞連接詞 1. so+ 形/副 +that (口語中that 可省) 2. so+ 形+a/an+名 +that (多用於文學作品中。)
3. so+ many/few/much/little +名+that (此結構的so 絕不能用such 取代)
Such…(因) that…(果) 如此…以致於 such 為形容詞，that 為副詞連接詞 1.such+(a/an)+(形)+名+that (such…that…其中可置任何名詞) (口語中that 可省) 2.such+ a lot of +名+that
Such…as 像…這樣的 such 為形容詞，as 為關係代名詞
As…as (第二種用法) 和…一樣地 前as 為副詞，後as 為副詞連接詞 (as…as 如今已經普遍用於肯定和否定的比較裡，但是還有些作者在否定的比較裡喜歡用so …as)
1. The bus was so full (that) I didn’t get a seat.
2. He behaved so badly in college that he was sent down. 3. He is so honest a man that he will not accept a bribe. 4. It was so good a book that I couldn’t put it down. 5. He has so few friends that he is always lonely.
6. There was so little traffic that it took us only ten minutes to get here. 7. He is such an honest man (that) he will not accept a bribe. 8. We had such fun (that) we lost track.
9. He has such a lot of money that he doesn’t know what to spend it on.
14.
does.
15. John doesn’t practice speaking English so/as often as he used to.
形容詞子句的減化:
● 英文修辭的兩大要求:清楚(clear)與簡潔(concise) ● 從屬子句減化後的詞性仍要不變。
形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞時
(形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞主動時想辦法改為be+ving進行式， 再來省略be ，因be 為連綴動詞為最無意義的動詞)
1. The girl is my sister.
==The girl is my sister. (只管語態、不管時態)
2. The ship is from Japan. ==The ship is from Japan.
3. She is a pretty girl who has a lot of money. having a lot of money. with a lot of money.
4.My old car, , won’t last much longer.
==My old car, , won’t last much longer.
5.I met James Soong, who said that he loved Ldodo very much. (我遇見小宋，他說他很愛小荳荳。)
==I met James Soong, saying that he loved Ldodo very much. (x) 此句不宜省略會誤解為下面的句子的省略
==I met James Soong and said that he loved Ldodo very much. (我遇見小宋，並且跟他說他很愛小荳荳。)
(形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞被動時be+pp，直接省略be ，因be 為連綴動詞為最無意義的動詞)
1. Beer o is most delicious.
==Beer o is most delicious.
2. Your brother John, , will soon be sent home. ==Your brother John, , will soon be sent home.
形容詞子句的動詞為單一be 時 (直接省略be)
1. Hilary Clinton, , is a popular First Lady. == Hilary Clinton, , is a popular First Lady.
2. Bill Clinton, , is a Baby Boomer. ==Bill Clinton,, is a Baby Boomer. 職稱，不用冠詞
(減化雖為名詞類，但為同位格仍具解釋的作用。)
3.I met Lien Chan, . == I met Lien Chan, .
形容詞子句的動詞為助動詞時 (改為to-v)
1. John is the one . ==John is the one .
2. John is not a man .
==John is not a man . (形容詞子句的主詞為無意義的one 可省) ==John is not a man .
3. John is not a man . ==John is not a man .
4. He has no house . ==He has no house. ==He has no house .
==He has no house . (形容詞子句的主詞與主要子句重覆he 可省) ==He has no house .
5. Lend me your pen . ==Lend me your pen .
主詞不宜省略時，加上for
6.I have a job . ==I have a job .
==I have a job . (x) (與原句語義不合) ==I have a job .
關係子句的減化練習:
2. The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone ==
, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell’s cabinet.
will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
9. There’s nothing
10.
storm hits.
注意形容詞子句考型:
1.---often found in fruit and vegetables. (A) Vitamin C, a trace element that is (B) For vitamin C, a trace element to be (C) Vitamin C, a trace element, is (D) Vitamin C, is that trace element
………C 2.The Amazon rain forests, ---the earth’s lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into
(A) functioning as
(B) which functioning as (C) functions as
(D) functioned as ………A
3. If you are looking for investment advice, I know just the place---. (A) going (B) to go
(C) you to go
(D) for you going ………B
4. The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device---to a computer. (A) connected (B) to connect it (C) and connect (D) that connect
………A
5. Not long ago I wrote a letter to a friend, --- almost got us into a quarrel. (A) whom (B) where (C) which (D) that ………C
6. You are the only friend --- he will listen to at all.
(A) where (B) whom (C) which (D)that ………D
7. Didn’t you know that all --- is not gold?
(A) which glitters (B) glitters (C) who glitters (D) that glitters ………D
8.I have a present for---his hand first.
(A)whoever raises (B) whomever raises
(C) anyone raises (D) whoever that raises ………A
9.The final decision will be up to---everyone trusts. (A) Judge Clemens, whom (B) Judge Clemens, who
(C) Judge Clemens whom (D) Judge Clemens who ………A
10---he has in his pocket, it’s not a gun.
(A) What (B) Whatever (C) When (D) How ………B
11. Abandoned flower pots are---.
(A) where do mosquitoes thrive (B) mosquitoes thrive there
(C) where mosquitoes thrive (D) what mosquitoes thrive ………C
12.---held upside down, the fire extinguisher begins to spray bubbles. (A) When it is (B) When they are
(C) Whenever they are (D) During it is ………A
13.I need to know---the library is open.
(A) that (B) when (C) which (D) if it ………B
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第六章
從屬子句(二)---形容詞子句
兩個句子彼此間有一個重複的元素，由此建立「關係」，用關係子句來合成複句。
For boyfriend I’m looking for a man (who is tall, rich and well-educated).
關係代名詞: Who/Whom (人) Which (事物)
● 關代 前一定要有關聯的先行詞 (可單數、可複數) ● 關代 在所引導的形容詞子句要作S, O, C。 (否則關代前要有介詞) Ex:
1. The man (whom) you saw just now is my uncle.
2. He is not the man (who) he used to be.
3. He has a car which was made in West Germany.
4. He is a man with whom I enjoy working. (正式寫作用) = He is a man (whom) I enjoy working with. = He is a man (that) I enjoy working with.
4.5.This is the book which he gave me. (授與動詞有兩受詞)
關代作受詞與補語可省略，(因前後兩句子斷句很清楚，把關係詞省掉也不
會影響句子的清楚性，所以可省) 。
我父親來了，他是個英文老師。 (非限定修飾，分開分別解釋)
6. My wife, who is living in Tainan, is beautiful. 7.I like Taiwan’s son, which many people like, too.
(此來補充說明部份，和主要子句隔開，關代雖為受詞但也不適合省略。)
7
.5harm to his health.
(which 也可用來代替整個句子，但前面一定要有逗點，而且指涉要清楚)
7.6
somewhat surprised me. (不佳)
7.7
learned of. (不佳)
7.8not been informed of.
8.The accuracy of the results of intelligence tests on students often
depends on the environment-----the students have lived.
(A) which (B) which in (C) in which (D) in ………C
throughout Europe is known as the Renaissance.
10.Elephants have well-developed brains that -----about 12 or 13 pounds, three or four times heavier than the human brain.
(A) it weight (B) it weights (C) weigh (D) it weighing ………C
11.Thomas Alva Edison is a typical example of a great thinking figure who greatly changed man’s way of life.
Little Women
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That 亦可當做關代，可取代who, whom, which 1. that借自指示代名詞，具有指示的功能，
2. that ，如果用who 等反而不當。 3. 如果關係子句缺乏指示的功能，就不該借用指示代名詞that 當關代。 如:關代that 前不可有逗點形式的非限定用法、也不可有介係詞。
(但在2中一定要以that 當關代的觀念，在現代美語中，有日趨淡薄。) (當關係子句用逗點與主要子句隔開，逗點後的關係子句為補充說明的功能，失去了指示的功能，所以關代不能用that 來替代。) Ex:
14.I like books, whatever the subject, that have illustrations.
(就是我弄丟的那一隻錶)
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(先行詞性質不一)
(避免與疑問詞重覆)
22.Where is the book (that) you bought yesterday?
23.The establishment of a university is usually beneficial to the area in that which the university is located.
關代所有格: Whose (人/物)
● 關代所有格+所引導的名詞，仍要做形容詞子句中的主詞或受詞。 ● 否則關代所有格前要有介係詞，該介系詞亦可移至形容詞子句句尾。 Ex:
1.I met a woman whose beauty took my breath away.
2.It was an event whose importance I didn’t realize at that time.
3.I admire Shakespeare, whose works I have been widely studied.
4.I admire Shakespeare, whose works I have studied for many times.
5.This is Mr.Tsung, through whose efforts Merica has been established
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for more than thirty years.
6.I hate John, in whose words I have no trust. = I hate John, whose words I have no trust in.
老式英語中 whose 可用of which 取代 (of 屬於所有的概念) awkward and wordy “of which” constructions.)
7. This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much. the color of which I like very much.
of which the color I like very much. (較不普遍)
8. Anthropology is a term describing varied fields of study ----central characteristic is a concentration on the activities and beliefs of man. (A) since (B) whose (C) for (D) and ………B
with the simplicity often related to the Japanese people before World War Ⅱ.
關代指示形容詞: Which
關代指示形容詞+所引導的名詞，仍要做形容詞子句中的主詞或受詞。 Ex:
1. He speaks German, which language I don’t understand.
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注意插入語:
(形容詞子句的關代不會受插入語的影響)
I think / believe / feel / know / consider / find ……
2.He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.
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關係副詞:
如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫為關係副詞。關係副詞因為是副詞類，不像關係代名詞是重要的名詞類，所以關係副詞可以比較自由省略。但是它與關係代名詞一樣，如果有括弧性的逗點隔開，就不能省略了。
關副由「介系詞+關代which 」變化而成。
when = (in which, on which, at which, during which…) where = (in which, on which, at which…) why = (for which) how = (in which)
⊙在口語中that 可用來代替when why how(除了where) 此用法that 常省略
WHEN (由時間副詞then 的改寫)
The rain came (at a time) (when) the farmers needed it most. 兩者皆為副詞，可擇一省略
1.I need some time (when/that) I can be with my daughter.
2.He came on Friday, on which/ when it was raining hard.
4. That’s the year in which/ (when) he graduated.
5. The sun rose at 5:30, at which/ when most people were still in their dreams.
WHERE (由地方副詞there 的改寫)
The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met. 兩者皆為副詞，可擇一省略
1. The Johnsons have a place (where) they can get away from other people.
2. This is the city in which /(where) I met Mary. --This is [where I met Mary].
3. I met him at the station, at which/ where there were many passengers.
4. Do you see the desk on which / where there is a book?
(在確定的地方名詞後不能用限定修飾，而只能補充說明)
WHY (由for a reason改寫)
I’ve forgotten I’ve forgotten the reason (why) I called.
1. That’s the reason for which / (why) he committed suicide.
2. I don’t see the reason why/that you were late. = I don’t see the reason you were late. = I don’t see [why you were late].
HOW (由in the way改寫)
Can you show me the way (how) you pulled off that trick.
1.I am sick of the way in which he looks at me. = I am sick of the way that he looks at me. = I am sick of how he looks at me. = I am sick of the way he looks at me.
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關副所修飾的先行詞，若為be 後的補語，則可省略該先行詞，保留關副。 Ex:
1.That is (the place) [where he was born]. 2. That is (the day) [when he’ll come]. 3. That is (the reason) [why he left]. 4. That is (the way) [how he did it].
(the way 與 how 一定要擇其一省略，否則語義重覆。)
● WH-的名詞子句是由疑問詞引導的疑問句改造而成，表示一個問題。 (疑代、疑形who whose whom which what/疑副when where why how )
● 複合關代接名詞子句 (複合關代兼具先行詞和關代的性質) what, whatever, whoever, who(m)ever, whosever, whichever.
● 字尾-ever 的複合關代也可引領av 子句 表示讓步或條件的語氣 (不論…) 所引導的副詞子句與主要子句中間有逗點相隔。
whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever, whosever
● when / where 本身為疑問副詞、還可引導名詞子句與副詞子句。
1. Put it where you found it.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志竟成 3. Where there is smoke, there is fire. 無風不起浪
4. Where there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒 5. When he left, it was raining.
I like to drive with my knees, otherwise, how can I put on my lipstick and talk on the phone. ~Sharon Stone
● whenever/wherever 為副詞連接詞，引導副詞子句
Whenever =(at any time不論何時 / every time that每當)
1.You may go home whenever /（at ）any time your work is done. 2.Whenever / Every time that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie. 3.The roof leaks whenever it rains.
Wherever =(in any place 無論什麼地方/ in all places that; everywhere處處) 1. Sit wherever you like. 2. I’ll find him, wherever he is.
3. Wherever/ No matter where there is a quarrel, he is sure to be there. 4. Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
● However I. II.
為副詞連接詞=(No matter how不論如何) ，引導副詞子句
為連接性的副詞 (然而)-----句義上有連接的語氣，但仍為一個副詞。
Ex:
1. However/ No matter how nice he is, I don’t like him. 2. However hard I studies, I don’t get good grades.
3.He is nice; however, I don’t like him. = He is nice. However, I don’t like him. = He is nice. I, however, don’t like him.
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準關係代名詞: than but as
這三個字通常都是用作純連接詞(沒有代名詞作用，亦即不能在其引領的子句裡做主詞、受詞或補語) ，但在幾個句型中，需要它們來客串關係代名詞。
Than---在有比較含義的句子中先行詞後的關代要用than 。 Ex:
4.I have more books than you have. = I have more books than you do. = I have more books than you. 6.You love her better than him. = You love her better than you love him. 7.You love her better than he. = You love her better than he loves her. 8.You love her better than John. (語義不清，John 有可能為主格或受格。)
course, the bad people enjoy the waking hours much more. (此句的than 為副詞連接詞。)
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But---(作關代時，前面的主要子句必須是否定的含義如 no, not, never, few 等字，{句型為t here + be + no… +but…} 此句型but 只當主詞， but 本身即是否定，所以引導的子句已是否定含義，不要在加not 了。 此種用法多用於文學作品中。) Ex:
4. There’s nothing in the
As---先行詞前有(such, the same , as+形 ) 任一形容詞時，關代用as 。
such + N + as… Ex:
the same + N + as… 同樣的，同類的 Ex:
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(同一類的) 同一本書) the same 之後的關代也可用that 但與先行詞指的是同一個東西。
7.Put the book back in the same place where you found it.
as + 形容詞 + N + as… 一樣的 Ex:
● 其作用相當於which ，在其引導的子句做主詞或受詞 ● 在其引導的子句與主要子句間必須有逗點
●
as 引導的子句可置於主要子句的前後，而which 引導的子則只能置於主要子句之後。
Ex:
1. We stand when the national anthem is played, as/which is the custom.
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2. He was a foreigner, as / which I knew from his accent.
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下列四組片語的句型中
so……that (如此…以致於) 書呆子 as……as (和 … 一樣) 阿西 too……to (太…而不能…) 土土 how… (多 麼 地 ) 好 若中間放置名詞，則只能置單數可數名詞，
否則須加上數量形容詞many/few+複數名詞 much/little+不可數名詞。 Ex:
5. He has so many things to do that he can’t go picnicking with us. 6. I have as much money as he (does). 7. He has too little money left to buy a car.
8. I don’t know how much time you can give me for that job.
9. He showed such concern that people took him to be a relative. (such…that…其中可置任何名詞)
10. It was such a boring speech that I fell asleep. 11. This is such good music that I love it. 12. They are such good students that I like them. 13. He is such a good student that I like him.
14.What good music it is! (What後可置任何名詞)
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So …(因) that…(果) 如此…以致於 so 為副詞，that 為副詞連接詞 1. so+ 形/副 +that (口語中that 可省) 2. so+ 形+a/an+名 +that (多用於文學作品中。)
3. so+ many/few/much/little +名+that (此結構的so 絕不能用such 取代)
Such…(因) that…(果) 如此…以致於 such 為形容詞，that 為副詞連接詞 1.such+(a/an)+(形)+名+that (such…that…其中可置任何名詞) (口語中that 可省) 2.such+ a lot of +名+that
Such…as 像…這樣的 such 為形容詞，as 為關係代名詞
As…as (第二種用法) 和…一樣地 前as 為副詞，後as 為副詞連接詞 (as…as 如今已經普遍用於肯定和否定的比較裡，但是還有些作者在否定的比較裡喜歡用so …as)
1. The bus was so full (that) I didn’t get a seat.
2. He behaved so badly in college that he was sent down. 3. He is so honest a man that he will not accept a bribe. 4. It was so good a book that I couldn’t put it down. 5. He has so few friends that he is always lonely.
6. There was so little traffic that it took us only ten minutes to get here. 7. He is such an honest man (that) he will not accept a bribe. 8. We had such fun (that) we lost track.
9. He has such a lot of money that he doesn’t know what to spend it on.
14.
does.
15. John doesn’t practice speaking English so/as often as he used to.
形容詞子句的減化:
● 英文修辭的兩大要求:清楚(clear)與簡潔(concise) ● 從屬子句減化後的詞性仍要不變。
形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞時
(形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞主動時想辦法改為be+ving進行式， 再來省略be ，因be 為連綴動詞為最無意義的動詞)
1. The girl is my sister.
==The girl is my sister. (只管語態、不管時態)
2. The ship is from Japan. ==The ship is from Japan.
3. She is a pretty girl who has a lot of money. having a lot of money. with a lot of money.
4.My old car, , won’t last much longer.
==My old car, , won’t last much longer.
5.I met James Soong, who said that he loved Ldodo very much. (我遇見小宋，他說他很愛小荳荳。)
==I met James Soong, saying that he loved Ldodo very much. (x) 此句不宜省略會誤解為下面的句子的省略
==I met James Soong and said that he loved Ldodo very much. (我遇見小宋，並且跟他說他很愛小荳荳。)
(形容詞子句的動詞為一般動詞被動時be+pp，直接省略be ，因be 為連綴動詞為最無意義的動詞)
1. Beer o is most delicious.
==Beer o is most delicious.
2. Your brother John, , will soon be sent home. ==Your brother John, , will soon be sent home.
形容詞子句的動詞為單一be 時 (直接省略be)
1. Hilary Clinton, , is a popular First Lady. == Hilary Clinton, , is a popular First Lady.
2. Bill Clinton, , is a Baby Boomer. ==Bill Clinton,, is a Baby Boomer. 職稱，不用冠詞
(減化雖為名詞類，但為同位格仍具解釋的作用。)
3.I met Lien Chan, . == I met Lien Chan, .
形容詞子句的動詞為助動詞時 (改為to-v)
1. John is the one . ==John is the one .
2. John is not a man .
==John is not a man . (形容詞子句的主詞為無意義的one 可省) ==John is not a man .
3. John is not a man . ==John is not a man .
4. He has no house . ==He has no house. ==He has no house .
==He has no house . (形容詞子句的主詞與主要子句重覆he 可省) ==He has no house .
5. Lend me your pen . ==Lend me your pen .
主詞不宜省略時，加上for
6.I have a job . ==I have a job .
==I have a job . (x) (與原句語義不合) ==I have a job .
關係子句的減化練習:
2. The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone ==
, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell’s cabinet.
will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
9. There’s nothing
10.
storm hits.
注意形容詞子句考型:
1.---often found in fruit and vegetables. (A) Vitamin C, a trace element that is (B) For vitamin C, a trace element to be (C) Vitamin C, a trace element, is (D) Vitamin C, is that trace element
………C 2.The Amazon rain forests, ---the earth’s lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into
(A) functioning as
(B) which functioning as (C) functions as
(D) functioned as ………A
3. If you are looking for investment advice, I know just the place---. (A) going (B) to go
(C) you to go
(D) for you going ………B
4. The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device---to a computer. (A) connected (B) to connect it (C) and connect (D) that connect
………A
5. Not long ago I wrote a letter to a friend, --- almost got us into a quarrel. (A) whom (B) where (C) which (D) that ………C
6. You are the only friend --- he will listen to at all.
(A) where (B) whom (C) which (D)that ………D
7. Didn’t you know that all --- is not gold?
(A) which glitters (B) glitters (C) who glitters (D) that glitters ………D
8.I have a present for---his hand first.
(A)whoever raises (B) whomever raises
(C) anyone raises (D) whoever that raises ………A
9.The final decision will be up to---everyone trusts. (A) Judge Clemens, whom (B) Judge Clemens, who
(C) Judge Clemens whom (D) Judge Clemens who ………A
10---he has in his pocket, it’s not a gun.
(A) What (B) Whatever (C) When (D) How ………B
11. Abandoned flower pots are---.
(A) where do mosquitoes thrive (B) mosquitoes thrive there
(C) where mosquitoes thrive (D) what mosquitoes thrive ………C
12.---held upside down, the fire extinguisher begins to spray bubbles. (A) When it is (B) When they are
(C) Whenever they are (D) During it is ………A
13.I need to know---the library is open.
(A) that (B) when (C) which (D) if it ………B