定语从句
一、 定义：在复合句中充当定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于
形容词，所以又可以称为形容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰主句中的某一个名词，代词或整个句子。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句一般要放在先行词之后。用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词
Eg.1）Jay Chou is a pop star. + Jay Chou is from Taiwan. 先行词关系代词
定语从句
2) Yao Ming is a basketball player. + Yao Ming’s parents are also basketball players.
先行词关系代词
定语从句
3）The book is very useful. + My father give me a book.
先行词关系代词
定语从句
4）This is the house. + I lived in the house last year.
先行词关系副词
定语从句
二、 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词往往是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词要在从句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语等句子成分。常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。
1. 关系代词的用法
（1） that
在从句中作主语或宾语，既可指人也可指物。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。所以that又叫万能钥匙。that在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。
Eg. He is the man that was praised at the meeting.
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen for years.
(that 在从句中作宾语，指物，代替先行词the film，可省略)
（2） which
which所代替的先行词是表示事物，动物的名词或代词，一般不用来指人。
A． which在从句中作主语或宾语
Eg. She was not on the train which arrived just now.
(which 在从句中作主语，代替先行词the train)
The watch (which) you gave me keeps good time.
(which 在从句中作宾语，代替先行词the watch，可省略)
B． which引导的定语从句可表示一个概念
which的先行词有时不是一个词，而是主句所表示的整个现象，此时，which前一定要使用逗号。这时定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数。
Eg. James did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.
(which相当于and that，其先行词是前面的整个句子)
He failed in the exam, which upset his family.
(3) who
who在定语从句中作主语，其先行词必须是表示人的名词或代词。who也可以代替在从
句中担任宾语的whom，但是它面前不能有介词。
Eg. I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.
(who 在从句中作主语，代替前面的a friend)
Luckily none of the people who I know were killed in the earthquake.
(who 在从句中作宾语，代替前面的the people)
（4）whom
whom在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语，其先行词也通常是表示人的名词或代词。在口语中whom通常被who或that所代替，在一般情况下可省略。
Eg. She is a girl whom people like at first sight.
（whom在从句中作动词的宾语，代替前面的a girl）
Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday?
( whom 在从句中作介词的宾语，代替前面的the man)
（5）whose
whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是（“先行词）的…” whose既可以指人也可以指物。
Eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
(whose是the man的所有格，在从句中作定语)
It happened on a lonely island whose name escapes my memory.
(whose是island的所有格，在从句中作定语)
注意：当先行词是物时，作定语的whose也可以用of which来表示
whose + N. = the N. + of + 关系代词（which, whom）
Eg. The building whose pointed roof you can see is a church.
= The building of which the pointed roof you can see is a church.
（6）as
as也可以用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
A． as用于非限定性定语从句中
在非限定性定语从句中，as可指代整个主句，其引导的定语从句可以位于句首，句中或
句末，通常用逗号与主句隔开。（which也可以引导非限定性定语从句但是只能位于句
末）
Eg. He is a teacher, as can be seen from his manner. (as 在从句中作主语)
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as 在从句中作宾语)
Money，as someone once said, is the root of all evils（as在从句中作宾语）
正如有人曾经说过的那样，金钱是万恶之源。
B． 用于限定性定语从句
关系代词as常用于the same…as，such…as，as…as和so…as的结构中，代表前面的先行词，在从句中作主语和宾语。
Eg. I had the same experience as you had.
Here is so heavy a box as can not be lifted by nobody.
1) the same…as 和 the same…that 比较
the same…as 表示相似，the same…that强调“同一”
Eg. This is the same bike as I lost.
那辆自行车和我丢的那辆一模一样。（同样的但不是同一个）
This is the same bike that I lost.
那就是我丢的那辆自行车。（同一个）
2）such…as…和such…that…
Eg. such…as…中as引导的是定语从句，而such…that…中的that引导的是结果状语从句。 I have never heard such a funny story as he told. （as引导的是定语从句，在从句中作宾语） He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. (that 引导的是结果状语从句，that不作句子成分)
2. 介词+关系代词
“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中主要起关系副词的作用，即在从句中充当状语，用在介词后的关系代词只有whom，which，和whose三个，不能用that
Eg. The man with whom I shook hands just now is my daughter’s English teacher.
A desert is a great plain in which nothing will grow.
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen the bag.
注意：在介词后面作宾语的关系代词不能省略，如果省略了关系代词，介词必须放在定语从句的末尾。
Eg. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?
介词的选择
A． 根据从句所修饰的先行词的需要
This is the factory in which he works. (in the factory)
This is the farm on which he works.(on the farm)
B． 根据从句中谓语动词搭配的需要
The car on which he spent 240,000 Yuan is made in Shanghai.(to spend money on sth.)
The car for which he paid 240,000 Yuan is made in Shanghai.(to pay money for sth.)
C． 根据从句句意的需要
Jack, with whom I went to the concert yesterday evening, enjoyed herself very much.
This is air, without which we can’t live.
D． 根据主从句搭配的关系的需求
I don’t know the thing about which they quarreled yesterday. (quarrel about sth.)
I don’t know the student with whom Mary quarreled yesterday.(quarrel with sb.)
注意：一些含有介词的动词短语，由于动词和介词的关系比较紧密，一般不将介词与动词拆开，而将介词提到关系代词之前。这类动词短语有listen to, look at, depend on, take care of, look into(浏览；调查), break into（破门而入；打扰），get tired of, look forward to（期望；盼望）
This is the boy (whom) she will take care of.
3. 关系代词位置和省略
（1） 关系代词的位置
定语从句一般要紧跟在先行词后，但有时为了保持句子的平衡，定语从句可以和先行词分离。 Eg. I brought some books here that may help you.
翻译：我带到这里一些可能对你有帮助的书。（定语从句与先行词被here隔开）
This is the third time in my life that I have wept.
翻译：这是我一生中第二次哭了。（定语从句与先行词被in my life隔开）
(2)关系代词的省略
关系代词作宾语时可以省略。
Eg. The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
翻译：我从图书馆借来的书很有趣。
The man(that/which) you met in the supermarket is Tom`s father.
翻译：你在超市遇见的那个人是汤姆的父亲。
注意：关系代词在定语从句当中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如果关系代词指代前面的句子，从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。
Eg. 1) Who as your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
翻译：作为你的好朋友，我将尽力帮助你渡过难关。
2) The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
翻译：天气变好了，这是我们没有想到的。
3) Mr.Smith is one of the workers who are fit for the job.
翻译：史密斯先生是合适这份工作的工人之一。
4) This is the only one of the books on the subjects that has ever been written in English.
翻译：这是有关这些学科的书中唯一的一本英文版的。
分析：“one of+复数名词”作定语从句的先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词一致，确切的说“复数名词”是定语从句的先行词，但是当one前面有the only,the very等修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词要与the only one一致。
三．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词通常是表示时间，地点或理由的名词。常见的关系副词有when,where, why等。在定语从句中关系副词作状态。
1. When
When 代替的先行词是表示时间的先行词，从句中作状语。
Eg. July is the month when we have a lot of rain.（when=in which）
There was a time when there were no radios, telephones or TV sets here.（when=during which）
2. Where
Where代替的先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中作状语。
Eg. Have you ever been to the house where LuXun once lived? (where=in which)
The school where his sister works is a key school in Jiangsu Province.
翻译：他的姐姐工作的那所学校是江苏省重点中学（where=at which）
在一些类似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词where来引导定语从句：
Eg. I can think of many case where cultural differences really exist.
翻译：我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事情。
He`s got him left into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.
翻译：他是自己处于一种危险的处境，在这种处境下他很可能失去对飞机的控制。
3.Why
Why代替的先行词是表示理由的名词（通常the reason）,在从句中作状语。
Eg. The reason why peter failed was his laziness.
翻译：彼得失败的原因是他的懒惰。
This is the reason why the computer cannot entirely replace man.
翻译：这就是计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
四．限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不完整或不明确。限制性定语从句和主句没有逗号。
Eg. He came at a time when we needed him most.
翻译：他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。（去掉定语从句，主句意思不明确）
None of the 152 Chinese athletes who done-tested in Athens has returned a positive result.
翻译：在雅典被药检的152名中国运动员无一结果呈阳性。（去掉定语从句，主句意思不明确）
2.非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉与不会影响主句的意思。他与主句的通常用逗号分开。
（1）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词，指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限定性定语从句。
Eg. Charles Smith，who was my father teacher, retired last year.
翻译：查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。
After the war he went to America, where he found work.
翻译：战争结束后他去了美国，并在哪里找到了工作。
My house ,which I bought last year ,has got a lovely garden.
翻译：我的房子有个漂亮的花园，这房子是我去年买的。
（2）非限制向定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰补充，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
Eg. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
翻译：他似乎没有理解我的意见，这使我很心烦。
The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expected.
翻译：天气变好了，这我们都没有想到。
Eg. His brother who is an artist is here. (限定性定语从句，表明他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is an artist, is here. (非限定性定语从句，表明他只有一个哥哥)
There were very few passengers who/ that escaped without being seriously injured.
没受伤而逃出来的乘客很少。（限定性定语从句，表明逃出来的乘客少）
There were very few passengers, who escaped without being seriously injured.
乘客很少，他们都逃出来了，没有受到伤害（非限定性定语从句，表明总的乘客人数少）
五、关系代词和关系副词的选用
1.判断关系代词和关系副词的选用
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于定语从句的结构。如定语从句中有主语和宾语。则要用关系副词；如定语从句中需主语或及物动词后而无宾语，就必须用关系代词。通常有三个步骤
（1） 分析先行词，看先行词是表示人还是物，还是表示时间，地点，原因，方式等
（2） 分析代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当什么成分，或者分析从句缺少什么成分。如从句中需
要主语，表语，定语或宾语，则使用关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）;如果从句需要状语，则应该选择关系副词（where, when, why）。
（3） 判断从句是限定性还是非限定性，由此来进一步确定关系词的选用
1）如先行词是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等名词在定语从句中做主语或宾语则用关系代词that/which引导（作主语不能省略，作宾语时可以省略）；如作状语则用关系副词（when，
where，why）来引导不能用how引导。
2）若先行词是表示方式的词way时，其后的关系词不用how 引导，但可用that/which (作主语或宾语是)
Eg. This is the development zone (that/which) I visited last year.
这就是我去年参观过的那个开发区。（visit是及物动词，需要关系代词在从句中做他的宾语）
This is the development zone where I worked last year.
这就是我去年工作过的那个开发区。（work是不及物动词，关系副词在从句中做地点状语）
2.关系代词who的选用
在某些特定情况下，一般只用关系代词who
(1) 当先行词是one，anyone，those时，用关系代词who
Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
翻译：我的房子有个漂亮的花园，这房子是我去年买的。
（2）非限制向定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰补充，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
Eg. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
翻译：他似乎没有理解我的意见，这使我很心烦。
The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expected.
翻译：天气变好了，这我们都没有想到。
Eg. His brother who is an artist is here. (限定性定语从句，表明他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is an artist, is here. (非限定性定语从句，表明他只有一个哥哥)
There were very few passengers who/ that escaped without being seriously injured.
没受伤而逃出来的乘客很少。（限定性定语从句，表明逃出来的乘客少）
There were very few passengers, who escaped without being seriously injured.
乘客很少，他们都逃出来了，没有受到伤害（非限定性定语从句，表明总的乘客人数少）
五、关系代词和关系副词的选用
1.判断关系代词和关系副词的选用
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于定语从句的结构。如定语从句中有主语和宾语。则要用关系副词；如定语从句中需主语或及物动词后而无宾语，就必须用关系代词。通常有三个步骤
（1） 分析先行词，看先行词是表示人还是物，还是表示时间，地点，原因，方式等
（2） 分析代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当什么成分，或者分析从句缺少什么成分。如从句中需
要主语，表语，定语或宾语，则使用关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）;如果从句需要状语，则应该选择关系副词（where, when, why）。
（3） 判断从句是限定性还是非限定性，由此来进一步确定关系词的选用
1）如先行词是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等名词在定语从句中做主语或宾语则用关系代词that/which引导（作主语不能省略，作宾语时可以省略）；如作状语则用关系副词（when，
where，why）来引导不能用how引导。
2）若先行词是表示方式的词way时，其后的关系词不用how 引导，但可用that/which (作主语或宾语是)
Eg. This is the development zone (that/which) I visited last year.
这就是我去年参观过的那个开发区。（visit是及物动词，需要关系代词在从句中做他的宾语）
This is the development zone where I worked last year.
这就是我去年工作过的那个开发区。（work是不及物动词，关系副词在从句中做地点状语）
2.关系代词who的选用
在某些特定情况下，一般只用关系代词who
(1) 当先行词是one，anyone，those时，用关系代词who
Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
(2) 先行词与定语从句之间被其他词分割时，用who
I met a foreign student from NanjingUniversity who could communicate with me in Chinese. I was the only person in my office who was invited to the ball
(3) 在there be 或here be开头的句子中，用关系代词who
Here is the man who often comes to my help.
There are many people who are strongly against the plan.
(4) 一个句子中指人的先行词有时带有两个定语从句，其中一个用的是that，另一个多用who The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
He is the only man that I know who is suitable for the job.
3.关系代词which和whom的选用
在某些特定情况下要使用which或whom, 一般不用that
(1) 非限定性定语从句中不用that
He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
(2) 介词后不用that
Do you know the boy to whom I spoke just know?
Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.
善良是金链，社会紧相连。
(3) 如果有两个定语从句，前一个用了that，后一个用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
4.关系代词that的选用
在某些特定的先行词后面，一般用that
(1) 当先行词是all，little，much，none，few等不定代词或有some，any，every，no等词构成的符
合代词时，用关系代词that。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子
Is there anything that I can do for you?
(2) 先行词是形容词最高级或者是序数词或者它的前面有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用关系代
词that
This is the best that has been used against air pollution in cities.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
(3) 当先行词被the only，the very 等词修饰时，用关系代词that
He is the only person that is reliable.
Those are the very points that puzzle me.
(4) 当先行词既有人又有物时用关系代词that
They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school.
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
(5) 主句已有疑问词who或者which时，用关系代词that
Who that has a common sense would believe such nonsense.
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
(6) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语
He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.
He is said to be everything that an honest man should be.
(7) 先行词是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代
词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
(8) 先行词有only，any，few，little，no，all，one of，the same，the very，the last，no longer等词
修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money
Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
5.用which不用that的情况
(1) 关系代词前有介词 This is the hotel in which you will stay.
(2) 如有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是that，另一个用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
6.使用定语从句易犯的错误
1）关系代词已经在从句中代替先行词充当成分，因此，定语从句中就不要再出现指代先行词的
词了
The film that we saw it is very interesting.
Some of the girls I invited them didn’t come.
2）省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词
The people lost home reached 2000.
There is a man is waiting for you.
3）把定语从句中的谓语动词单复数弄错。
The book which lie on the desk is mine.
This is one of the rivers in China which flow northward.
定语从句
一、 定义：在复合句中充当定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于
形容词，所以又可以称为形容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰主句中的某一个名词，代词或整个句子。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句一般要放在先行词之后。用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词
Eg.1）Jay Chou is a pop star. + Jay Chou is from Taiwan. 先行词关系代词
定语从句
2) Yao Ming is a basketball player. + Yao Ming’s parents are also basketball players.
先行词关系代词
定语从句
3）The book is very useful. + My father give me a book.
先行词关系代词
定语从句
4）This is the house. + I lived in the house last year.
先行词关系副词
定语从句
二、 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词往往是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词要在从句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语等句子成分。常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。
1. 关系代词的用法
（1） that
在从句中作主语或宾语，既可指人也可指物。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。所以that又叫万能钥匙。that在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。
Eg. He is the man that was praised at the meeting.
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen for years.
(that 在从句中作宾语，指物，代替先行词the film，可省略)
（2） which
which所代替的先行词是表示事物，动物的名词或代词，一般不用来指人。
A． which在从句中作主语或宾语
Eg. She was not on the train which arrived just now.
(which 在从句中作主语，代替先行词the train)
The watch (which) you gave me keeps good time.
(which 在从句中作宾语，代替先行词the watch，可省略)
B． which引导的定语从句可表示一个概念
which的先行词有时不是一个词，而是主句所表示的整个现象，此时，which前一定要使用逗号。这时定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数。
Eg. James did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.
(which相当于and that，其先行词是前面的整个句子)
He failed in the exam, which upset his family.
(3) who
who在定语从句中作主语，其先行词必须是表示人的名词或代词。who也可以代替在从
句中担任宾语的whom，但是它面前不能有介词。
Eg. I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.
(who 在从句中作主语，代替前面的a friend)
Luckily none of the people who I know were killed in the earthquake.
(who 在从句中作宾语，代替前面的the people)
（4）whom
whom在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语，其先行词也通常是表示人的名词或代词。在口语中whom通常被who或that所代替，在一般情况下可省略。
Eg. She is a girl whom people like at first sight.
（whom在从句中作动词的宾语，代替前面的a girl）
Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday?
( whom 在从句中作介词的宾语，代替前面的the man)
（5）whose
whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是（“先行词）的…” whose既可以指人也可以指物。
Eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
(whose是the man的所有格，在从句中作定语)
It happened on a lonely island whose name escapes my memory.
(whose是island的所有格，在从句中作定语)
注意：当先行词是物时，作定语的whose也可以用of which来表示
whose + N. = the N. + of + 关系代词（which, whom）
Eg. The building whose pointed roof you can see is a church.
= The building of which the pointed roof you can see is a church.
（6）as
as也可以用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
A． as用于非限定性定语从句中
在非限定性定语从句中，as可指代整个主句，其引导的定语从句可以位于句首，句中或
句末，通常用逗号与主句隔开。（which也可以引导非限定性定语从句但是只能位于句
末）
Eg. He is a teacher, as can be seen from his manner. (as 在从句中作主语)
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as 在从句中作宾语)
Money，as someone once said, is the root of all evils（as在从句中作宾语）
正如有人曾经说过的那样，金钱是万恶之源。
B． 用于限定性定语从句
关系代词as常用于the same…as，such…as，as…as和so…as的结构中，代表前面的先行词，在从句中作主语和宾语。
Eg. I had the same experience as you had.
Here is so heavy a box as can not be lifted by nobody.
1) the same…as 和 the same…that 比较
the same…as 表示相似，the same…that强调“同一”
Eg. This is the same bike as I lost.
那辆自行车和我丢的那辆一模一样。（同样的但不是同一个）
This is the same bike that I lost.
那就是我丢的那辆自行车。（同一个）
2）such…as…和such…that…
Eg. such…as…中as引导的是定语从句，而such…that…中的that引导的是结果状语从句。 I have never heard such a funny story as he told. （as引导的是定语从句，在从句中作宾语） He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. (that 引导的是结果状语从句，that不作句子成分)
2. 介词+关系代词
“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中主要起关系副词的作用，即在从句中充当状语，用在介词后的关系代词只有whom，which，和whose三个，不能用that
Eg. The man with whom I shook hands just now is my daughter’s English teacher.
A desert is a great plain in which nothing will grow.
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen the bag.
注意：在介词后面作宾语的关系代词不能省略，如果省略了关系代词，介词必须放在定语从句的末尾。
Eg. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?
介词的选择
A． 根据从句所修饰的先行词的需要
This is the factory in which he works. (in the factory)
This is the farm on which he works.(on the farm)
B． 根据从句中谓语动词搭配的需要
The car on which he spent 240,000 Yuan is made in Shanghai.(to spend money on sth.)
The car for which he paid 240,000 Yuan is made in Shanghai.(to pay money for sth.)
C． 根据从句句意的需要
Jack, with whom I went to the concert yesterday evening, enjoyed herself very much.
This is air, without which we can’t live.
D． 根据主从句搭配的关系的需求
I don’t know the thing about which they quarreled yesterday. (quarrel about sth.)
I don’t know the student with whom Mary quarreled yesterday.(quarrel with sb.)
注意：一些含有介词的动词短语，由于动词和介词的关系比较紧密，一般不将介词与动词拆开，而将介词提到关系代词之前。这类动词短语有listen to, look at, depend on, take care of, look into(浏览；调查), break into（破门而入；打扰），get tired of, look forward to（期望；盼望）
This is the boy (whom) she will take care of.
3. 关系代词位置和省略
（1） 关系代词的位置
定语从句一般要紧跟在先行词后，但有时为了保持句子的平衡，定语从句可以和先行词分离。 Eg. I brought some books here that may help you.
翻译：我带到这里一些可能对你有帮助的书。（定语从句与先行词被here隔开）
This is the third time in my life that I have wept.
翻译：这是我一生中第二次哭了。（定语从句与先行词被in my life隔开）
(2)关系代词的省略
关系代词作宾语时可以省略。
Eg. The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
翻译：我从图书馆借来的书很有趣。
The man(that/which) you met in the supermarket is Tom`s father.
翻译：你在超市遇见的那个人是汤姆的父亲。
注意：关系代词在定语从句当中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如果关系代词指代前面的句子，从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。
Eg. 1) Who as your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
翻译：作为你的好朋友，我将尽力帮助你渡过难关。
2) The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
翻译：天气变好了，这是我们没有想到的。
3) Mr.Smith is one of the workers who are fit for the job.
翻译：史密斯先生是合适这份工作的工人之一。
4) This is the only one of the books on the subjects that has ever been written in English.
翻译：这是有关这些学科的书中唯一的一本英文版的。
分析：“one of+复数名词”作定语从句的先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词一致，确切的说“复数名词”是定语从句的先行词，但是当one前面有the only,the very等修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词要与the only one一致。
三．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词通常是表示时间，地点或理由的名词。常见的关系副词有when,where, why等。在定语从句中关系副词作状态。
1. When
When 代替的先行词是表示时间的先行词，从句中作状语。
Eg. July is the month when we have a lot of rain.（when=in which）
There was a time when there were no radios, telephones or TV sets here.（when=during which）
2. Where
Where代替的先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中作状语。
Eg. Have you ever been to the house where LuXun once lived? (where=in which)
The school where his sister works is a key school in Jiangsu Province.
翻译：他的姐姐工作的那所学校是江苏省重点中学（where=at which）
在一些类似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词where来引导定语从句：
Eg. I can think of many case where cultural differences really exist.
翻译：我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事情。
He`s got him left into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.
翻译：他是自己处于一种危险的处境，在这种处境下他很可能失去对飞机的控制。
3.Why
Why代替的先行词是表示理由的名词（通常the reason）,在从句中作状语。
Eg. The reason why peter failed was his laziness.
翻译：彼得失败的原因是他的懒惰。
This is the reason why the computer cannot entirely replace man.
翻译：这就是计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
四．限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不完整或不明确。限制性定语从句和主句没有逗号。
Eg. He came at a time when we needed him most.
翻译：他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。（去掉定语从句，主句意思不明确）
None of the 152 Chinese athletes who done-tested in Athens has returned a positive result.
翻译：在雅典被药检的152名中国运动员无一结果呈阳性。（去掉定语从句，主句意思不明确）
2.非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉与不会影响主句的意思。他与主句的通常用逗号分开。
（1）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词，指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限定性定语从句。
Eg. Charles Smith，who was my father teacher, retired last year.
翻译：查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。
After the war he went to America, where he found work.
翻译：战争结束后他去了美国，并在哪里找到了工作。
My house ,which I bought last year ,has got a lovely garden.
翻译：我的房子有个漂亮的花园，这房子是我去年买的。
（2）非限制向定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰补充，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
Eg. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
翻译：他似乎没有理解我的意见，这使我很心烦。
The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expected.
翻译：天气变好了，这我们都没有想到。
Eg. His brother who is an artist is here. (限定性定语从句，表明他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is an artist, is here. (非限定性定语从句，表明他只有一个哥哥)
There were very few passengers who/ that escaped without being seriously injured.
没受伤而逃出来的乘客很少。（限定性定语从句，表明逃出来的乘客少）
There were very few passengers, who escaped without being seriously injured.
乘客很少，他们都逃出来了，没有受到伤害（非限定性定语从句，表明总的乘客人数少）
五、关系代词和关系副词的选用
1.判断关系代词和关系副词的选用
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于定语从句的结构。如定语从句中有主语和宾语。则要用关系副词；如定语从句中需主语或及物动词后而无宾语，就必须用关系代词。通常有三个步骤
（1） 分析先行词，看先行词是表示人还是物，还是表示时间，地点，原因，方式等
（2） 分析代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当什么成分，或者分析从句缺少什么成分。如从句中需
要主语，表语，定语或宾语，则使用关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）;如果从句需要状语，则应该选择关系副词（where, when, why）。
（3） 判断从句是限定性还是非限定性，由此来进一步确定关系词的选用
1）如先行词是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等名词在定语从句中做主语或宾语则用关系代词that/which引导（作主语不能省略，作宾语时可以省略）；如作状语则用关系副词（when，
where，why）来引导不能用how引导。
2）若先行词是表示方式的词way时，其后的关系词不用how 引导，但可用that/which (作主语或宾语是)
Eg. This is the development zone (that/which) I visited last year.
这就是我去年参观过的那个开发区。（visit是及物动词，需要关系代词在从句中做他的宾语）
This is the development zone where I worked last year.
这就是我去年工作过的那个开发区。（work是不及物动词，关系副词在从句中做地点状语）
2.关系代词who的选用
在某些特定情况下，一般只用关系代词who
(1) 当先行词是one，anyone，those时，用关系代词who
Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
翻译：我的房子有个漂亮的花园，这房子是我去年买的。
（2）非限制向定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰补充，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
Eg. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
翻译：他似乎没有理解我的意见，这使我很心烦。
The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expected.
翻译：天气变好了，这我们都没有想到。
Eg. His brother who is an artist is here. (限定性定语从句，表明他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is an artist, is here. (非限定性定语从句，表明他只有一个哥哥)
There were very few passengers who/ that escaped without being seriously injured.
没受伤而逃出来的乘客很少。（限定性定语从句，表明逃出来的乘客少）
There were very few passengers, who escaped without being seriously injured.
乘客很少，他们都逃出来了，没有受到伤害（非限定性定语从句，表明总的乘客人数少）
五、关系代词和关系副词的选用
1.判断关系代词和关系副词的选用
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于定语从句的结构。如定语从句中有主语和宾语。则要用关系副词；如定语从句中需主语或及物动词后而无宾语，就必须用关系代词。通常有三个步骤
（1） 分析先行词，看先行词是表示人还是物，还是表示时间，地点，原因，方式等
（2） 分析代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当什么成分，或者分析从句缺少什么成分。如从句中需
要主语，表语，定语或宾语，则使用关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）;如果从句需要状语，则应该选择关系副词（where, when, why）。
（3） 判断从句是限定性还是非限定性，由此来进一步确定关系词的选用
1）如先行词是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等名词在定语从句中做主语或宾语则用关系代词that/which引导（作主语不能省略，作宾语时可以省略）；如作状语则用关系副词（when，
where，why）来引导不能用how引导。
2）若先行词是表示方式的词way时，其后的关系词不用how 引导，但可用that/which (作主语或宾语是)
Eg. This is the development zone (that/which) I visited last year.
这就是我去年参观过的那个开发区。（visit是及物动词，需要关系代词在从句中做他的宾语）
This is the development zone where I worked last year.
这就是我去年工作过的那个开发区。（work是不及物动词，关系副词在从句中做地点状语）
2.关系代词who的选用
在某些特定情况下，一般只用关系代词who
(1) 当先行词是one，anyone，those时，用关系代词who
Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
(2) 先行词与定语从句之间被其他词分割时，用who
I met a foreign student from NanjingUniversity who could communicate with me in Chinese. I was the only person in my office who was invited to the ball
(3) 在there be 或here be开头的句子中，用关系代词who
Here is the man who often comes to my help.
There are many people who are strongly against the plan.
(4) 一个句子中指人的先行词有时带有两个定语从句，其中一个用的是that，另一个多用who The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
He is the only man that I know who is suitable for the job.
3.关系代词which和whom的选用
在某些特定情况下要使用which或whom, 一般不用that
(1) 非限定性定语从句中不用that
He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
(2) 介词后不用that
Do you know the boy to whom I spoke just know?
Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.
善良是金链，社会紧相连。
(3) 如果有两个定语从句，前一个用了that，后一个用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
4.关系代词that的选用
在某些特定的先行词后面，一般用that
(1) 当先行词是all，little，much，none，few等不定代词或有some，any，every，no等词构成的符
合代词时，用关系代词that。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子
Is there anything that I can do for you?
(2) 先行词是形容词最高级或者是序数词或者它的前面有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用关系代
词that
This is the best that has been used against air pollution in cities.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
(3) 当先行词被the only，the very 等词修饰时，用关系代词that
He is the only person that is reliable.
Those are the very points that puzzle me.
(4) 当先行词既有人又有物时用关系代词that
They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school.
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
(5) 主句已有疑问词who或者which时，用关系代词that
Who that has a common sense would believe such nonsense.
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
(6) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语
He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.
He is said to be everything that an honest man should be.
(7) 先行词是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代
词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
(8) 先行词有only，any，few，little，no，all，one of，the same，the very，the last，no longer等词
修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money
Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
5.用which不用that的情况
(1) 关系代词前有介词 This is the hotel in which you will stay.
(2) 如有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是that，另一个用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
6.使用定语从句易犯的错误
1）关系代词已经在从句中代替先行词充当成分，因此，定语从句中就不要再出现指代先行词的
词了
The film that we saw it is very interesting.
Some of the girls I invited them didn’t come.
2）省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词
The people lost home reached 2000.
There is a man is waiting for you.
3）把定语从句中的谓语动词单复数弄错。
The book which lie on the desk is mine.
This is one of the rivers in China which flow northward.