韩桥小学英语教师语音口语培训讲义
一、语音部分
（一）小学英语语音教学的意义
作为交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，文字只不过是有声语言的记录符合，语音作为语言存在的物质基础，不仅是语言的本质，也是语言教学的基础。英语语音好的学生，能利用单词的拼写规律识记单词，听说读写的能力就强。学习语音主要靠教师的示范和学生的模仿。教师示范，应注意以下几点：
1、口型准确，发音清楚准确，语调基本合乎标准。
2、原则上是由教师承担，也可利用电教设备、直观发音口型图、模型等，教学中也可指定发音标准的学生示范。
3、示范时教师是“组织者”、“示范表演者”，让学生做到听得清，看得见，仿得像，要做必要的讲解，讲解做到适时、适量、适度，具体简单明了。
（二）小学英语语音培训项目（自《英语课程标准》（实验稿）2001）
1、基本读音
（1）26个字母读音
（2）元音字母在重读音节中的读音: a e i(y) o u
（3）常见的元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音eg: ee ea oi oy ie ei ay er eau etc.
（4）常见的辅音字母（组合）的读音eg: th tch ch sh ph gh etc.
（5）辅音连缀的读音和浊化eg: bl cl gl fl pl sl br cr sk sm sp st str spl spr scr pr qu etc.
(6)成节音的读音eg ：ble ple cle gle dle tle sin sin ften ven etc.
(7)后缀变异eg ：house „„houses say„„says mouth„mouths breathe„„breath etc.
(8)读音与语法的联系：
a. 名词复数受读音的影响eg: 清辅音字母结尾的名词加后缀后读
【s 】，元音字母和浊辅音字母结尾的名词加后缀后读【z 】; 动词过去时和过去分词加ed 读音，清辅音结尾单词后ed 读【t 】, 浊辅音和元音结尾的后读【d 】。
b. 重读闭音节形容词和动词词形变化的特殊性：条件是重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音字母
hot„„hotter big„„bigger wet„„wetter etc.
shop„shopping„shopped stop„stopping„stopped etc.
c. 元音音素开头的名词前不定冠词应为an 而不是a, 弱用冠词the 应读作[i]
2、重音
（1）单词重读音节：重音符号----音标里音节左上方的小竖线
（2）单词在句子中的重读 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be 。
例外情况：A. 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this 在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening
B. 虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be 在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
c) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
d) 反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.
3、意群的读音
A. 连读
连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重。(连读符号：~)
(1)“辅音+元音”型连读
在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
I’m~an~English boy.
It~is~an~old book.
Let me have~a look~at~it.
I called~you half~an~hour~ago.
Put~it~on, please.
Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
(2)“r/re+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以-r 或者-re 结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r 或re 不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r ，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。
The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer 与and 不可连读）
(3)“辅音+半元音”型连读
英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读即“音的同化”。 Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again?
Would~you like~a cup~of tea？
Could~you help me, please?
(4)“元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。
I~am Chinese.
She can’t carry~it.
It’ll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer.
(5)当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。
Is~it a~hat or a cat?（hat 与or 之间不可以连读）
There~is~a good book in my desk. （book 与in 之间不可以连读） Can you speak~English or French? （English 与or 之间不可以连读）
She opened the door and walked~in. （door 与and 之间不可以连读）
B. 失去爆破: 英语里6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/
失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况（后面紧跟辅音因素）下，只须做出发音的准备（口型），但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) piture of a bi(g) car.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
The ol(d) dotor has a ca(t), too.
Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
4、 语调：最基本的是升调和降调
（1）升调 常用来表示不肯定，语意未完，或表示礼貌，常有含蓄、委婉、安慰、虚心征求意见等意味。升调的用法可归纳为以下五种情况：
①一般疑问句通常用升调。
Is he `making a kite?
Are they `cleaning the classroom?
②数数、列举事物或列举一连串的动作时，除最后那个并列成分用降调外，前面所有的并列成分都要用升调
`Let’s `count our `new books. One, two, three, four, five. `Oh, we have five new books.
We’d `like a `bottle of coke, `two `bottles of `apple juice, a hamburger and `two cakes.
③选择疑问句的语调分为两个部分，or 前的部分用升调，or 后的部分用降调，记成“前升后降”。
Is her `answer right or wrong?
Were they in the `high jump or the `long jump ?
④反意疑问句的语调也得分两种情况：若说话者对所陈述的内容没有把握，想询问对方这一内容是否正确，则陈述句部分用降调，简略问句用升调；若说话者对所陈述的内容已经很有把握，只是想要对方同意自己的观点，或是想从对方那里得到证实，则前后两部分都用降调。
--Your `uncle is tall, isn’t he? --No, he’s very short. You `like apples, don’t you?
He `went to `London with his family, di dn’t he?
-- You `won’t `go `there tomorrow, will you? -- Yes, I will.
⑤含状语从句的复合句的语调也要分两种情况：若主句在前，从句在后，主句结束时意思已比较完整，则通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；但是，若从句在前，主句在后，则常常是“前升后降”。
I was `drawing a picture when my `mother `came back.
`When she `got to the station, the `train had `already left.
（2）降调 在英语句子中，降调的使用比升调更为广泛，它表示肯定、决断、坚决或终结，但有时含有生硬、不容质疑的意味。降调的用法可归纳为以下七种：
①陈述句用降调：
`Lucy is `cleaning her bedroom.
`Mary `wrote a `letter to her `friend `last night. ②特殊疑问句也用降调：
`Whose is `this coat?
`How `long have you been at `this school?
③表示命令的祈使句也常用降调：
`David, `open the door.
`Don’t `throw it on the floor.
④问候用语常用降调，以示真诚：
Good morning.
How are you?
⑤感谢用语也常用降调，以表示诚挚的谢意：
`Thanks a lot.
`Thank you `very much.
⑥感叹句用降调：
What a lovely day!
What a terrible day I spent today!
`How hard all the workers are working!
⑦在并列句中，并列连词and, but, or等的前后两上分句都用降调： We `come to `school by bus and he `comes by bike.
She `likes English, but she `needs help.
（三）语音练习 Practice
A. 单词读音练习
单词辨音:找出划线部分发音不同的一项 1.A.candle B.panda C.danger D.apple 2.A.havest B.empty C.medicine D.sentence 3.A.ride B.fridge C.twice D.smile 4.A.doll B.operate C.pocket D.potato 5.A.luck B.jump C.rush D.business 6.A.season B.feather C.pleasure D.instead 7.A.shout B.mountain C.double D.loudly 8.A.choose B.cool C.noodle D.goodbye 9.A.lunch B.chalk C.Christmas D.March 10.A.climbed B.pushed C.joined D.pulled 11.A.paid B.said C.afraid D.rain 12.A.break B.breakfast C.bread D.dead 13.A.talk B.walk C.chalk D.salt 14.A.speak B.real C.seat D.easy 15.A.start B.warm C.harvest D.pardon 16.A.touch B.round C.loud D.shout 17.A.enough B.laugh C.daughter D. cough 18.A.this B.both C.thought D.through 19.A.hear B.near C.early D.dear 20.A.while B.whom C.when D.white 21.A.lie B.die C.quiet D.tie 22.A.change B.exam C.famous D.strange 23.A.eleven B.retell C.eve D.relay 24.A.mirror B.history C.bridge D.beautiful
25.A.smoke B.chose C.none D.motor 26.A.push B.luck C.sugar D.pull 27.A.horse B.order C.corner D.worse 28.A. thin B.fine C.uncle D.nine 29.A.English B.song C.strong D.sing 30.A.orange B.geography C.green D.energy
B ．句子朗读练习：
1、 句子重读：试读下面的句子：
1） We went to the Summer Palace last Sunday.
2） I am very glad to meet you.
3）A good husband makes a good wife.
4) He is a young man.
5) He will return home in two years
6) I beg your pardon.
8) a pen and a pencil
9) the star and the moon
10) East and west home is the best.
11) When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
12) A mother’s love never changes
13) Blood will have blood.
14) Life is not fair, get used to it.
15) Activity is the only road to knowledge .
2. 连读Practice
1、注意正确地读出不完全的爆破音：
1) Do you want to read this book?
2) He won’t be back until next Saturday.
3) I don’t know if I’m allowed to stay here till next Monday.
4) Don’t put the hot dog in the soap box.
5）Will you please wait for a moment?
6）There is an apple tree in front of the house.
7）Put on your glasses.
8） He has a great deal of translation to do.
C ． 语调练习
Did you have a good time at the party?
Have you been to the Great Wall yet?
Take a seat. Don’t go back.
Excuse me one moment. Ring me up at eleven.
You are quite right.
I hope you will come again. I am sorry
We love our great motherland.
What time is it now?
What are you going to do this Sunday?
How have you been getting along?
What a hot day!
How fast he runs!
What a beautiful garden it is!
How I wish I hadn’t wasted those hours and days!
D. 意群及停顿 (/ 表示停顿)
1）先升后降
Do you prefer tea/or coffee?
Is he still here/ or has he gone home already?
At ten o’clock in the morning /the parade began.
If we work harder, /we shall be able to fulfill the plan ahead of time.
One, /two,/ three/ and four
a chair,/ a table, /a bed/and a desk
2) 先降后升（先升后降)
You bought a new watch yesterday, /didn’t you? He doesn’t come here for lunch, / does he?
It is a fine day, /isn’t it?
韩桥小学英语教师语音口语培训讲义
一、语音部分
（一）小学英语语音教学的意义
作为交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，文字只不过是有声语言的记录符合，语音作为语言存在的物质基础，不仅是语言的本质，也是语言教学的基础。英语语音好的学生，能利用单词的拼写规律识记单词，听说读写的能力就强。学习语音主要靠教师的示范和学生的模仿。教师示范，应注意以下几点：
1、口型准确，发音清楚准确，语调基本合乎标准。
2、原则上是由教师承担，也可利用电教设备、直观发音口型图、模型等，教学中也可指定发音标准的学生示范。
3、示范时教师是“组织者”、“示范表演者”，让学生做到听得清，看得见，仿得像，要做必要的讲解，讲解做到适时、适量、适度，具体简单明了。
（二）小学英语语音培训项目（自《英语课程标准》（实验稿）2001）
1、基本读音
（1）26个字母读音
（2）元音字母在重读音节中的读音: a e i(y) o u
（3）常见的元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音eg: ee ea oi oy ie ei ay er eau etc.
（4）常见的辅音字母（组合）的读音eg: th tch ch sh ph gh etc.
（5）辅音连缀的读音和浊化eg: bl cl gl fl pl sl br cr sk sm sp st str spl spr scr pr qu etc.
(6)成节音的读音eg ：ble ple cle gle dle tle sin sin ften ven etc.
(7)后缀变异eg ：house „„houses say„„says mouth„mouths breathe„„breath etc.
(8)读音与语法的联系：
a. 名词复数受读音的影响eg: 清辅音字母结尾的名词加后缀后读
【s 】，元音字母和浊辅音字母结尾的名词加后缀后读【z 】; 动词过去时和过去分词加ed 读音，清辅音结尾单词后ed 读【t 】, 浊辅音和元音结尾的后读【d 】。
b. 重读闭音节形容词和动词词形变化的特殊性：条件是重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音字母
hot„„hotter big„„bigger wet„„wetter etc.
shop„shopping„shopped stop„stopping„stopped etc.
c. 元音音素开头的名词前不定冠词应为an 而不是a, 弱用冠词the 应读作[i]
2、重音
（1）单词重读音节：重音符号----音标里音节左上方的小竖线
（2）单词在句子中的重读 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be 。
例外情况：A. 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this 在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening
B. 虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be 在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
c) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
d) 反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.
3、意群的读音
A. 连读
连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重。(连读符号：~)
(1)“辅音+元音”型连读
在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
I’m~an~English boy.
It~is~an~old book.
Let me have~a look~at~it.
I called~you half~an~hour~ago.
Put~it~on, please.
Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
(2)“r/re+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以-r 或者-re 结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r 或re 不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r ，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。
The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer 与and 不可连读）
(3)“辅音+半元音”型连读
英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读即“音的同化”。 Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again?
Would~you like~a cup~of tea？
Could~you help me, please?
(4)“元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。
I~am Chinese.
She can’t carry~it.
It’ll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer.
(5)当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。
Is~it a~hat or a cat?（hat 与or 之间不可以连读）
There~is~a good book in my desk. （book 与in 之间不可以连读） Can you speak~English or French? （English 与or 之间不可以连读）
She opened the door and walked~in. （door 与and 之间不可以连读）
B. 失去爆破: 英语里6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/
失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况（后面紧跟辅音因素）下，只须做出发音的准备（口型），但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) piture of a bi(g) car.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
The ol(d) dotor has a ca(t), too.
Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
4、 语调：最基本的是升调和降调
（1）升调 常用来表示不肯定，语意未完，或表示礼貌，常有含蓄、委婉、安慰、虚心征求意见等意味。升调的用法可归纳为以下五种情况：
①一般疑问句通常用升调。
Is he `making a kite?
Are they `cleaning the classroom?
②数数、列举事物或列举一连串的动作时，除最后那个并列成分用降调外，前面所有的并列成分都要用升调
`Let’s `count our `new books. One, two, three, four, five. `Oh, we have five new books.
We’d `like a `bottle of coke, `two `bottles of `apple juice, a hamburger and `two cakes.
③选择疑问句的语调分为两个部分，or 前的部分用升调，or 后的部分用降调，记成“前升后降”。
Is her `answer right or wrong?
Were they in the `high jump or the `long jump ?
④反意疑问句的语调也得分两种情况：若说话者对所陈述的内容没有把握，想询问对方这一内容是否正确，则陈述句部分用降调，简略问句用升调；若说话者对所陈述的内容已经很有把握，只是想要对方同意自己的观点，或是想从对方那里得到证实，则前后两部分都用降调。
--Your `uncle is tall, isn’t he? --No, he’s very short. You `like apples, don’t you?
He `went to `London with his family, di dn’t he?
-- You `won’t `go `there tomorrow, will you? -- Yes, I will.
⑤含状语从句的复合句的语调也要分两种情况：若主句在前，从句在后，主句结束时意思已比较完整，则通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；但是，若从句在前，主句在后，则常常是“前升后降”。
I was `drawing a picture when my `mother `came back.
`When she `got to the station, the `train had `already left.
（2）降调 在英语句子中，降调的使用比升调更为广泛，它表示肯定、决断、坚决或终结，但有时含有生硬、不容质疑的意味。降调的用法可归纳为以下七种：
①陈述句用降调：
`Lucy is `cleaning her bedroom.
`Mary `wrote a `letter to her `friend `last night. ②特殊疑问句也用降调：
`Whose is `this coat?
`How `long have you been at `this school?
③表示命令的祈使句也常用降调：
`David, `open the door.
`Don’t `throw it on the floor.
④问候用语常用降调，以示真诚：
Good morning.
How are you?
⑤感谢用语也常用降调，以表示诚挚的谢意：
`Thanks a lot.
`Thank you `very much.
⑥感叹句用降调：
What a lovely day!
What a terrible day I spent today!
`How hard all the workers are working!
⑦在并列句中，并列连词and, but, or等的前后两上分句都用降调： We `come to `school by bus and he `comes by bike.
She `likes English, but she `needs help.
（三）语音练习 Practice
A. 单词读音练习
单词辨音:找出划线部分发音不同的一项 1.A.candle B.panda C.danger D.apple 2.A.havest B.empty C.medicine D.sentence 3.A.ride B.fridge C.twice D.smile 4.A.doll B.operate C.pocket D.potato 5.A.luck B.jump C.rush D.business 6.A.season B.feather C.pleasure D.instead 7.A.shout B.mountain C.double D.loudly 8.A.choose B.cool C.noodle D.goodbye 9.A.lunch B.chalk C.Christmas D.March 10.A.climbed B.pushed C.joined D.pulled 11.A.paid B.said C.afraid D.rain 12.A.break B.breakfast C.bread D.dead 13.A.talk B.walk C.chalk D.salt 14.A.speak B.real C.seat D.easy 15.A.start B.warm C.harvest D.pardon 16.A.touch B.round C.loud D.shout 17.A.enough B.laugh C.daughter D. cough 18.A.this B.both C.thought D.through 19.A.hear B.near C.early D.dear 20.A.while B.whom C.when D.white 21.A.lie B.die C.quiet D.tie 22.A.change B.exam C.famous D.strange 23.A.eleven B.retell C.eve D.relay 24.A.mirror B.history C.bridge D.beautiful
25.A.smoke B.chose C.none D.motor 26.A.push B.luck C.sugar D.pull 27.A.horse B.order C.corner D.worse 28.A. thin B.fine C.uncle D.nine 29.A.English B.song C.strong D.sing 30.A.orange B.geography C.green D.energy
B ．句子朗读练习：
1、 句子重读：试读下面的句子：
1） We went to the Summer Palace last Sunday.
2） I am very glad to meet you.
3）A good husband makes a good wife.
4) He is a young man.
5) He will return home in two years
6) I beg your pardon.
8) a pen and a pencil
9) the star and the moon
10) East and west home is the best.
11) When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
12) A mother’s love never changes
13) Blood will have blood.
14) Life is not fair, get used to it.
15) Activity is the only road to knowledge .
2. 连读Practice
1、注意正确地读出不完全的爆破音：
1) Do you want to read this book?
2) He won’t be back until next Saturday.
3) I don’t know if I’m allowed to stay here till next Monday.
4) Don’t put the hot dog in the soap box.
5）Will you please wait for a moment?
6）There is an apple tree in front of the house.
7）Put on your glasses.
8） He has a great deal of translation to do.
C ． 语调练习
Did you have a good time at the party?
Have you been to the Great Wall yet?
Take a seat. Don’t go back.
Excuse me one moment. Ring me up at eleven.
You are quite right.
I hope you will come again. I am sorry
We love our great motherland.
What time is it now?
What are you going to do this Sunday?
How have you been getting along?
What a hot day!
How fast he runs!
What a beautiful garden it is!
How I wish I hadn’t wasted those hours and days!
D. 意群及停顿 (/ 表示停顿)
1）先升后降
Do you prefer tea/or coffee?
Is he still here/ or has he gone home already?
At ten o’clock in the morning /the parade began.
If we work harder, /we shall be able to fulfill the plan ahead of time.
One, /two,/ three/ and four
a chair,/ a table, /a bed/and a desk
2) 先降后升（先升后降)
You bought a new watch yesterday, /didn’t you? He doesn’t come here for lunch, / does he?
It is a fine day, /isn’t it?