名词和数词
高考研究
(一)命题规律
(二)命题趋势
名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。结合近几年高考对名词的考查,可以发现在单项选择题中,每年都会出现2-3道题。名词考点主要为:可数名词与不可数名词;抽象名词的具体化;名词的所有格;名词作定语以及名词固定习语;名词与主谓一致等。
虽然数词不是高考中的难点,但是在学习的过程中应在熟练掌握其规律的同时兼顾其特殊的用法。学好数词应从以下三个方面着手:一是注意基数词、序数词、分数、百分数的构成;二是要注意确切数目、不确切数目的表达法;三是要注意由数词构成的一些习惯表达法。 诊断测试 1. (2010课标全国,改错)As the old man looked over the things in the yard that were to be sold,he stopped at a box of ball for Christmas trees. 2.(2010辽宁,改错)Like the rest of my classmate,I didn‟t want to get close to her. 3.(2010全国1,改错)He agreed to read my story and give me some advices on how to write like a real writer.
4.(2010全国11,改错)Christmas was one of my best friend at high school.
5.(2010四川,改错)But I still can ‟t get used to it---in fact,I ‟ve nearly killed three peoples.
6.(2010课标全国,改错)Without a moment delay,my neighour picked up the box and announced, “I ‟ll take them. ” 7. (2010上海,26)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was_____journey. A.three hour B.a three—hours C.a three—hour D.three hours 8.(2010安徽,25)I haven‟t seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond_____.
A.hearing B.strength C.recognition D.measure
9.(2010山东,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get_____from this medicine.
A.relief B.safety C.defense D.shelter
10.(2010天津,3)James took the magazines off the little table to make____for the television.
A.room B.area C.filed D.position 知识精讲
名词是用来表示人名、事物名称、时间、地点和抽象概念的词。按其词汇意义可分为两大类:专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns)。普通名词又可分为四类:个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词和集体名词是可数的,称为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词一般不可数,称为不可数名词。 数词(Numerals )是表示数目多少或顺序先后的
词。数词分为两大类:基数词(Cardinal Numerals)和序数词(Ordinal Numerals)。
考点一 名词 ①名词的分类
⑴专有名词与普通名词
① 专有名词是表示个人、机构、组织、地方、国家等
的专有名称的词。首字母一般大写。例如:Alice,Australia,Oxford
University,Janurary,Monday,Harry Potter。
② 普通名词是一类人或物或是一个抽象概念的名称。
例如:worker,machine,information 。 (2)个体名词与集体名词
①个体名词指具体的人或物,也可指抽象的事物。个体名词都是可数名词,有单复数形式。例如:The reservoir has flooded 2cities,11countries,140towns and morn than 4000villages.水库淹没了2个城市、11个县、140个镇和4000多个村庄。(外研③—6)
②集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,是一群人或某类事物的总称。
a. 有些集体名词表示整体时作单数看待,表示各个成员时作复数看待。例如:audience,class,club,committee,couple,crew,crowd,enemy, family,government,group,jury,public,staff,team,youth. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. 她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否则他们都会被德国纳粹抓走。(表示整体)(人教①—1)
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. 谢雷同房东一家人住在一起,他们给了她许多好的建议。(表示各个成员)(人教⑦—5)
b. 有些集体名词通常只作复数看待。例如:cattle,people,police.
People from different parts of the world,attracted by the climate and lifestyle,still immigrate to California. 世界各
地的人,由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福利亚。(人教⑧—1) Cattle provide us with milk and beef. 牛为我们提供牛奶和牛肉。
c. 有些集体名词通常用作不可数名词。例如:clothing,furniture,jewelry,luggage,machinery,traffic. Our clothing proctects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冷。 The furniture was moved in. 家具被搬了进来。
(3)物质名词与抽象名词
①物质名词是指无法分为个体的实物名词。
a. 物质名词一般是不可数名词,因而没有复数形式。
例如:There were two kinds of food and one drink on it:raw vegetables,fruit and water. 菜谱上只有两种食物和一种饮料:生蔬菜、水果和水。(人教⑤—2) b. 有些物质名词可用复数形式,但意义不同。例如:
brains(智能) ,papers(文件) ,sands(沙滩) ,coffees(几份咖啡) ,hairs(几根头发) ,woods(树林) 。
Servant enters with a stack of official-looking papers and gives them to king. 仆人拿着一叠貌似官方的文件走进来,把它们呈现给国王。(牛津⑥—1) ②抽象名词是表示抽象概念的名词。例如ability(能力) ,comfort(舒服) ,experience(经验) ,failure(失败) ,idea(思想) ,knowledge(知识) ,pleasure(愉快) ,power(力量) ,sense(意义) ,situation(形势) ,state(状态) 。
a. 抽象名词一般不可数,因此无复数形式,前面一般也不加不定冠词a/an。例如:
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
Today,I ‟m going to talk about how to find happiness. 今天,我要谈的是如何找到快乐。(牛津⑥—2)
b. 有些抽象名词可用复数形式,但意义有所不同。例如customs(海关) ,experience(经历) ,goods (货物),manners(礼貌) ,regards(问候) ,times (时代),works(著作) ,glasses(眼镜) 。
In the journal,writers also record their experiences,ideals and afterthoughts about what they have seen.在旅游日志里,作者也记录他们的经历、思想和见闻感想。(人教①—3)
(4)可数名词与不可数名词
英语的名词按其语法特征又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns )和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns ). 例如:
They offer food,flowers and gifts to the dead.
例如:The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet Van Gogh,and Matisse.西方艺术的收藏包括莫奈、梵高、毕加索和马蒂等著名艺术家的作品。(人教⑥—1)
The science facilities are very good,with laboratories that have all the latest equipment.这些科研设备非常好,并且配有最新设备的实验室。(外研①—5) (2)不规则变化形式
①常见名词的不规则复数形式:
Man —men 男子,woman —women 妇女 Foot —feet 脚,tooth —teeth 牙齿 Mouse —mice 老鼠,goose —geese 鹅 Child —children 儿童,ox —oxen 公牛 Gentleman —gentlemen 先生
Englishman —Englishmen 英国男子 Policeman —policemen 警察
Chairwoman —chairwomen 女主席 Businessman —businessmen 商人
注意:German 的复数形式是Germans 而不是Germen 。 ②单复数同形的名词
单数与复数形式相同的名词主要有如下几种情况:某些动物的名称,如sheep 绵羊,bison 野牛,deer 鹿;表示某国人的名词,如Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Vietnamese 越南人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人;中国的一些计量单位,如li 里,jin 斤,yuan 元,mu 亩。
③同一名词的两种复数形式,表示不同的意思。
a.works 表示‘工厂’时,单复数同形,但表示‘著作’时单数形式为work, 复数形式为works. 例如:a gas works 一个煤气厂,two gas works两个煤气厂 Mr.Brown has turned out many works. 布朗先生已经写出了很多作品。
b.fish 当表示鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes, 表示条数时为fish. 例如:
I keep five fishes in the fishbowl.我在鱼缸里养了五种鱼 I caught a fish(two fish).我捕到了一条(两条)鱼。 c.people 指‘人们‟时是集体名词,没有单复数之分,指‘民族’时,单数为people, 复数为peoples. 例如: people 人民---two people两个人
a people一个民族---two peoples 两个民族 ③名词所有格
英语中的所有格是表明一种所有关系,这种所有格形式有“-’s 所有格”和“名词+of+名词”两种。 (1)-’s 所有格形式的用法 ①名词所有格主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词,表示“……的”。例如: Well-known for their expertise,his parent s‟ company,called “Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. 他父母的公司-----“未来之旅”利用他们的专业技术,用时空穿梭机平安地把我送入了未来。(人教⑤—3)
I first met Li Meng at a friend‟s birthday party five years ago. 我第一次见到李梦是在五年前我朋友的生日聚会上。
真题链接
(2009江西,23)The_____shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into______car.
A.girl ‟s ;Tom ‟s B.girl s‟;Toms ‟ C.girls ‟;Tom ‟s D.girl ‟s ;Toms ‟
【解析】C 。由句中asked 后的them 可以判断出女孩的数量大于1,故第一空应用复数所有格。第二空指“汤姆的车”。
②表示时间、距离、价格。例如:
Today ‟s festivals have many origins,some religious,some seasonal,and some for special people or events.现在的节日有很多由来,一些是宗教上的,一些是有关季节的,一些是为纪念特殊的人和事的。(人教③—1)
The village is far away from here indeed.It‟s a four hours‟ walk. 那个村庄确实离这里很远,步行要四个小时。 注意:在以-s 结尾的复数名词后面只加“’”。例如: Can you see the students‟ dormitory?你能看见学生宿舍吗?
③表示国家、城市等地方的名词常用-’s 结构。例如: China ‟s coastline 中国的海岸线 The city‟s parks 城市的公园 The zoo‟s entrance动物园的入口 The Middle East‟s problems中东问题 The city‟s environment城市环境
④表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。例如: at the barber‟s(shop)在理发店 at the butcher‟s(shop)在肉铺 at the doctor‟s(office)在医院 at the tailor‟s(shop)在裁缝店 at the Whites‟(home)在怀特家里 at the bookseller‟s(store)在书店 at the dentist‟s(hospital)在牙科医院
⑤-„s 用于固定短语。所有格形式还经常出现在固定的短语中。例如:
for friendship‟s sake 为了友谊
at one‟s wit‟s end黔驴技穷,不知所措 by a hair‟s breath差一点 at arm‟s length疏远地
in one‟s mind‟s eye在某人的心目中 to one‟s heart‟s content尽情地
within a stone‟s throw在很近的距离
注意:由and 构成的两个或多个名词共同拥有某物时,只将最后一个名词变为所有格形式,如果是各自所有,则每一个名词都要变为所有格形式,例如:
Richard ‟s and Jane‟s parents理查德的父母和简的父母 Richard and Jane‟s parents理查德和简的父母
Henry ‟s,Richard ‟s and Jane‟s schools亨利、理查德和简各自的学校
Henry,Richard and Jane‟s school亨利、理查德和简共同的学校
⑥构成不同的节日时用-’s 形式。例如: Valentine ‟s Day情人节 April Fool‟s Day愚人节 Children ‟s Day儿童节 Teachers ‟ Day教师节 Women ‟s Day妇女节 Mother ‟s Day母亲节 Father ‟s Day父亲节 New Year‟s Day新年 (2)“of 所有格“形式的用法
①一般说来,无生命的名词用of 所有格结构。例如: There ‟s something wrong with the engine of the car. 汽车发动机出了故障。
The capital of Peru is Lima,which is in the north on the coast. 秘鲁的首都是利马----位于北部沿海地区。(人教⑦—5)
②有时也用于表示人和其他有生命的名词。例如: When in trouble,I usually take the advice of my parents. 当遇到麻烦时,我通常采纳父母的建议。 That ‟s the opinion of Jim,not mine. 那是吉姆的意见,不是我的。
注意:表示有生命的东西的名词,在该名词较长或名词的定语较长的情况下,可以用“of+名词”结构。例如:I don ‟t know the name of the boy standing at the entrance. 我不知道站在入口处的男孩的名字。 (3)双重所有格“of+名词的-’s 所有格的用法 ①特定人所拥有的多个人或物的一个或多个。
双重所有格带有-’s 所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词,同时of 前面的名词必须不确定,表示很多数目中的一个或几个。例如: a work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅作品中的一部
another work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的另一部作品 any work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的任何一部作品
some/most/many works of Lu Xun ‟s 鲁迅作品中的一些作品/大多数作品/很多作品
several works of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的几部作品
a work of hers/his/theirs/ours/yours她/他/他们/我们/你们的一部作品 ②表达特殊情感。
有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词连用时,往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。例如: That brother of yours is looking for trouble. 你那位兄弟又来找麻烦。
Look at those books of Henry‟s. What a mess they are! 看看亨利的那些书。多么乱呀!
注意:a friend of Andrew与a friend of Andrew‟s 的差别 Adeline is a friend of Andrew.艾德琳是安德鲁的朋友。 (强调是朋友关系,不是其他关系)
Adeline is a friend of Andrew‟s. 艾德琳是安德鲁的一个朋友。(强调是多个朋友中的一个) ④名词作定语
随着英语的发展,名词作定语的情况越来越多。一般来说,名词作定语,它往往是说明其名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。现在我们分类说明如下: (1) 材料
a diamond necklacer一条钻石项链
a bamboo pole竹竿 a stone bridge石桥 straw hats草帽 rubber boots胶鞋 pineapple juice菠萝汁 (2) 用途
a meeting room会议室 the railway station火车站 a tennis court网球场 a tennis club网球俱乐部 a peace conference和平会议 milk bottle牛奶瓶 (3)时间
summer holidays暑假 Sunday papers星期日报纸 November fogs十一月的雾季 evening suit晚礼服 (4)地点
London hotels伦敦旅馆 body temperature体温 city streets城市街道 a corner shop街道拐角的商店
a football player足球运动员 a paper basket纸篓 a shoe factory鞋厂 a car park停车场
②名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有用复数的。例如:
sports meeting运动会 machines hall展览机器的大厅 a clothes shop服装店 a customs officer海关人员 a glasses store眼镜店 a goods train运送货物的火车 a sales manger营业主任
③被修饰的名词变复数时,一般情况下,作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式,但由man 或woman 作定语修饰的名词变成复数时,两部分皆要变为复数形式。例如:man doctor---men doctors男医生 woman singer---women singers女歌手
④有时作定语用的名词有与之相应的同根形容词。一般情况下,名词作定语侧重说明被修饰的名词的内容或性质(内在);同根形容词作定语则常常描述被修饰的名词的特征。例如:
gold watch指手表含有金的性质
golden watch则表示手表是金色的特征,不一定含有金 stone house石头造的房子 stony heart铁石般的心肠 peace conference和平会议 peaceful construction和平建设 ⑤抽象名词具体化
(1)一般来说抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,叫抽象名词具体化。主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特征、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: ②抽象名词与a/an连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 英语知识在国际贸易中是很必要的。 It is a waste of time reading such a novel. 读这样的小说是浪费时间。
(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。
①物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单复数。如:some coffee 一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡;some drink 一些饮料,a drink 一杯饮料,three drinks 三杯饮料;his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发;glass 玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。
②物质名词有前置语修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。试比较:
The road is covered with snow.路上覆盖着雪。 They have a heavy snow every year. 他们那每年都下一场大雪。
Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人。 We had a wonderful time last night. 昨天晚上我们玩得很愉快。
(3)一些复数形式的不可数名词表示具体的概念。 ①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。例如: They have smoothed away the difficulties. 他们已经克服了这些困难。
After many failures,they finally succeeded. 经过许多失败后他们最终成功了。
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。例如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news. 听到这个坏消息那个孩子大哭起来。 The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 在大雨中石桥垮掉了。 考点二 数词 ①基础词的用法
基数词在句子中主要作定语、表语、同位语、宾语、定语和状语。例如:
Three exploded on London underground lines and another on a bus.三枚炸弹在伦敦地铁线上爆炸,另一枚在一辆公交汽车上爆炸。(北师大④—11) They divorced when I was four. 我四岁时他们就离婚了。(北师大①—2)
You three are on duty today.你们三个今天值日。
Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago.自从400年前第一批移民地到来,有很多因素影响了美式发音。(人教⑤—1)
注意:①十位与百位之间用and 连接;hundred 表示“百”;thousand 表示“ 千”;million 表示“百万”。例如:
There are one thousand one hundred and twenty-four workers in the factory.在那个工厂有1124名工人。 ②把基数词放在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面表示明确具体的数目时,这些词后面不能加-s, 除score 外其他都不与of 连用。例如:
She has three score(of) eggs in her basket. 她的篮子里有60个鸡蛋。
③在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面没有基数词,表示笼统的数目时,要在这些词后面加-s. 例如: Going eastward,you ‟ll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests,as well as wide rivers and large cities.一路向东,你就会经过一座座山脉,上千个湖泊、森林、还有宽阔的河流和许多大城市。(人教③—5) Hundreds of people are working in the field now. 现在有数百人正在田野里劳动。
④在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面有several,few,some,many 等词时,用‘several 等+hundreds of +复数名词’或‘several 等+hundred+复数名词’。例如:There are several hundreds of students on the playground. 操场上有几百名学生。
⑤基数词用于复合形容词中时,不加-s 。例如: This is an eight-thousand-word article. 这是一篇8000字的文章。 真题链接
(2007浙江,2)It is reported that the floods have left about______people homeless.
A.two thousand B.two-thousand C.two thousands D.two thousands of 【解析】A thousand 前若有数词,thousand 一般不加-s, 只有thousands of中用复数形式。 ②序数词的用法 序数词除了开头的三个词(first/second/third)有独特的形式外,其他都是在基数词词尾加-th 构成。例如: I ‟ve made only three New Year‟s resolutions;the first is to learn more,the second is to take up a sport and the third is to go to the theater.我已制定了三个新年计划;第一是学习更多的知识,第二是学一项运动,第三是看戏。(北师大④—10)
一般来说,序数词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等。例如: Do you prefer the first or the second? 第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢?
Columbus was the first who discovered America. 哥伦布是第一个发现美洲的人。
Take the first turn to the right and then the second turn to the left and you‟ll get there.在第一个转弯处向右转,然后在第二个转弯处向左转,然后就到了。 ③ 其他几种数词的构成与用法 (1) 分数表示法
①分数由“基数词+序数词”构成,其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母,当分子大于1时,在序数词后面要加-s 。例如:
A two-third majority is needed to pass a resolution.必须有三分之二的赞成票才能通过一项决议。(外研11—6) Three quarters of China‟s engery is produced by burning coal. 中国四分之三的能源是通过燃煤获得的。(外研④—6)
②分子和分母的数目较大时,两者都用基数词,之间用over/by/out of连接。例如:
Only one over/out of one hundred of the patients of this disease is apt to be cured.
这种病人仅有百分之一的能够被治愈。
Seven over/out of twenty of the students have passed the fight test.二十分之七的学生通过了飞行测试。
注意:分数修饰名词时,可以用下面的方式来表示: one-half the distance一半路程 one-half of the distance一半路程
three quarters the people四分之三的人 three quarters of the people四分之三的人 (2) 小数表示法
小数总是用阿拉伯数字表达。小数点后不论有多少位都不能加上逗号,而应一气写成,但小数点之前的数依然按照三位一个逗号的原则书写。例如:
67.89读作sixty-seven point eight nine或six seven point eight nine
3.1415926读作three point one four one five nine two six (3)百分数表示法
百分数内的数目用阿拉伯数字,后接percent 或%,在句首时则用英语单词书写。例如:
Ninety percent of the students in the class are fond of reading newspapers.这个班90%的学生喜欢看报纸。 As a result of Yuan Longping ‟s discoveries Chinese rice production rose by 47.5percent in the 1990‟s.
由于袁隆平的发现,中国的水稻产量在20世纪90年代增长了47.5%。(人教④—4)
注意:不到百分之一的百分数可以用阿拉伯数字表达,也可用单词表达。例如: zero point three percent(0.3%) one(-) half of 1 percent(0.5%) one-quarter of 1 percent(0.25%) (4)日起表示法
10月1日:October(the) first或the first day of October 2010年8月1日:August 1,2010或08/01/2010 20世纪90年代:in the 1990s或in the 1990‟s
从1990年至2010年:in/during the years1990-2010 在2006年和2010年之间:between 2006 and 2010 十年:a decade,ten years
二十年:two decades或a score of years
三十年:three decades或a score and ten years或a score years and ten
四十年:four decades或two score of years
五十年:half a century或five decades或two score and ten years或two score years and ten 一百年:a century或a/one hundred years/five score years (5)时刻表示法
在表达时刻时,如果在30分钟以内,英国英语用“分钟+past+小时”,美国英语用“分钟+after+小时”;如果超过30分钟,英国英语用“分钟+to+小时”,美国英语用“分钟+of+小时”。最简便的方法即“时+分”(所有时间都可以这样表达)。例如:
9:05 nine o five或five(minutes)past/after nine 9:20 twenty(minutes)past/after nine或nine twenty 9:15a quarter past/after nine或nine fifteen 9:30 half past nine或nine thirty
9:55five(minutes)to/of ten或nine fifty-five 9:45a quarter to/of ten或nine forty-five 注意:sharp 的运用
Sharp 常用在整点时刻(不包括半点时刻)的最后面,表示“……点整”。 nine o‟clock sharp九点整
9 o‟clock sharp p.m晚上九点整 (6)年龄表示法
一般场合下多用数字进行强调;正式的写作中都用英语单词表达年龄。例如:
In 1891,at the age of17,he set sail for Alexandria,Egypt. 1891年,17岁的他起航去了埃及的亚历山大。(译林②—3)
I‟m 18 years old when I start to live on my own. 我十八岁了,是开始独立生活的年龄了。 (7)数词可以用来表示确切的数量、不确切的数量等。 ①表达确切的数量
It is about 380000 kilometers from the earth to the moon. 从地球到月球的距离大约是38万千米。 ②表达不确切的数量
ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion 等可以构成短语,表示泛指的数目多。此时这些词不能被具体的数字修饰,但可以被many,several,a few等词修饰。例如: tens of 数十 hundreds of数百 tens of hundreds of上千 thousands of数千 tens of thousands of上万 millions of数百万 hundreds of hundreds of成百上千的 thousands of thousands of成千上万的 millions of millions of成百万的 a few hundreds of几百 several thousands 几千
many millions of好几百万的 经典真题
1. (2006湖北,21)To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their______and weaknesses.
A.strengths B.benefits C.techniques D.values 2.(2005北京春,20)It took us quite a long time to get here.It was______journey.
A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours
3.(2004上海春,27)Th. village is far away from here indeed.It ‟s______walk.
A.a four hour B.a four hour‟s C.a four-hours D.a four hours‟
4.(2004全国,31)If you buy more than ten,they knock 20 pence off______.
A.a price B.price C.the price D.prices
能力挑战
1.The computer system crashed and I lost______of work.. A.three hour‟s worth B.three hours‟ worth C.three hours‟ worthy D.three hour‟s worthy 2.On a distant mountain was______sign in characters. “One world,one dream”it said.
A.a 20-feet B.20-foots C.a 20-foot D.20feet 3.______people in the world are sending informationg by e-mail every day.
A.several million B.many millions C.several millions D.many million
4.They had to do much walking after their car broke down on the way to the village yesteday that their______are still aching now.
A.leg ‟s muscle B.leg ‟s muscle C.leg muscles D.legs muscles 5.---Can I help you,sir?
----Yes,what ‟s the price of the apple? ----Ninety-seven______per kilogram.
A.pences B.pence C.penny D,pennys
6.On the way,they fired on settlers‟ houses and stole about twenty______and six horses.
A.cattles B.head of cattles C.head of cattle D.heads of cattle
7.He sold______of the magazine this afternoon. A.three dozen copy B.three dozens copy C.three dozen copies D.three dozens copies 8.The hero of the story is an artist in his_____. A.thirth B.thirty C.thirty ‟s D.thirties
9.The history of_____is full of achievements and adventures.
A.man B.men C.men ‟s D.the men 10.We are______and they are______. A.Englishmen; Germans B.Englishmen; German C.Englishman; Germans D.Englishmen; Germen
11.He doesn‟t like having_____for supper.
A.chick B.chicken C.chickens D.chicks
12.British government often says that providing children with_____to the information super highway is of great importance.
A.prevention B.protection C.allowance D.access 13----What do you think of the dinner in Mr.Brown‟s? ----Oh,great!We have never had a better one.It‟s a dinner of twenty______.
A.drinks B.people C.tables D.courses.
14.One day Mary ‟s mother told her best friend of all her_____.
A.hope and fear B.hope and fears C.hopes and fears D.hopes and fear
15.He left_____with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon.He said he would keep______. A.words; his words B.word; his word C.word; word D.the word; his word 16.This shop sells______clothing A.child ‟s and woman‟s B.children and women‟s C.children ‟s and women D.children ‟s and women‟s
17.---It ‟s getting dark earlier than before,isn‟t it? ----Yes.I think so.I see____is already on. A.the street‟s light B.the light of the street C.the streets‟ light D.the street light
18.----Where did you two have your______examined? ----At the ______.
A. stomaches; doctor‟s B. stomachs; doctor C. stomachs; doctor‟s D. stomaches; doctors‟
19.We could hardly see any trees here ten years ago,but now_____of this area____covered by trees. A.two-thirds; is B.two-threes; are C.two-thirds; are D.twos-third; is
20.Experts said that in Sichuan earthquake,about 305 earthquakes have occurred in the country and______people died or were injured. A.ten thousands B.tens of thousands of C.tens of thousand of D.ten thousands of
21. ______of the workers in this factory is about two hundred; _____ of them are women workers.
A. The number; first third B. The number; one third C. A number; half D. A number; three quarters 22. - Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to seaside with me four days ago.
-I‟m sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a _____ holiday soon.
A. four-days B. four-day
C. four days D. four day
23. More than two _____years ago, people knew little about the universe.
A. thousands B. thousand
C. thousand of D. thousands of
24. Three students ____ in this university come from the South.
A. of ten B. out of in ten C. out of ten D. in tens
25. ______ runners won medals, and one of them won _____ prizes.
A. Three first ; three the first
B. The three first ; the three first C. Three the first; the first three D. The first three; three first
26.All the school children must be taught how to deal with dangerous______.
A.states B.conditions C.situations D.positions 27.He goes to work by car.His house is ____from his office in the city.
A.two hour‟s drive B.two hours‟ drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive
28.----Hello,Mary,where were you last weekend? ----________.
A.At Borown‟s B.To the Brown‟s C.To Brown‟s D.At the Brown‟s 29.----What does Mr.Smith do for a living?
-----He ‟s one of the most successful____in the city. A.newspaper reporter B.newspaper ‟s reporters C. newspaper‟s reporter D.newspaper reporters
30.Toward evening,______came,which made things even worse.
A.heavy rain B.heavy cloud C.the heavy rain D.a heavy rain
31.It is not rare in____that people in____fifties are going to university for further education.
A.90s; the B.the 90s;/ C.90s;their D.the 90s;their 32.My aunt has beautiful long____,but I can see some white_____.
A.hair;hair B.hairs;hair C.hair;hairs D.hairs;hairs
强化训练
1.times →time 2.subject →subjects 3.first time →first 4. 第二个library →libraries 5. question →questions 6. Mary ‟s → Mary 7.Bill →Bill ‟s 8. 在million 后加of 9. 在second 前加the 10.在twenties 前加his 11.nineth→ninth 12. 在1930‟s 前加the 13.time →times 14.first →third 15. minute‟s →minutes ‟
经典真题
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.C
能力挑战
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C5. B6.C 7. C8. D 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.B 28.A 29. D30.D 31. D 32. C
诊断测试
1. bal l →balls2.classmate →classmates 3.advices →advice 4.friend →friends5.peoples →people 6.moment →moment ‟s 7.C 8.C 9.A10.A
名词和数词
高考研究
(一)命题规律
(二)命题趋势
名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。结合近几年高考对名词的考查,可以发现在单项选择题中,每年都会出现2-3道题。名词考点主要为:可数名词与不可数名词;抽象名词的具体化;名词的所有格;名词作定语以及名词固定习语;名词与主谓一致等。
虽然数词不是高考中的难点,但是在学习的过程中应在熟练掌握其规律的同时兼顾其特殊的用法。学好数词应从以下三个方面着手:一是注意基数词、序数词、分数、百分数的构成;二是要注意确切数目、不确切数目的表达法;三是要注意由数词构成的一些习惯表达法。 诊断测试 1. (2010课标全国,改错)As the old man looked over the things in the yard that were to be sold,he stopped at a box of ball for Christmas trees. 2.(2010辽宁,改错)Like the rest of my classmate,I didn‟t want to get close to her. 3.(2010全国1,改错)He agreed to read my story and give me some advices on how to write like a real writer.
4.(2010全国11,改错)Christmas was one of my best friend at high school.
5.(2010四川,改错)But I still can ‟t get used to it---in fact,I ‟ve nearly killed three peoples.
6.(2010课标全国,改错)Without a moment delay,my neighour picked up the box and announced, “I ‟ll take them. ” 7. (2010上海,26)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was_____journey. A.three hour B.a three—hours C.a three—hour D.three hours 8.(2010安徽,25)I haven‟t seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond_____.
A.hearing B.strength C.recognition D.measure
9.(2010山东,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get_____from this medicine.
A.relief B.safety C.defense D.shelter
10.(2010天津,3)James took the magazines off the little table to make____for the television.
A.room B.area C.filed D.position 知识精讲
名词是用来表示人名、事物名称、时间、地点和抽象概念的词。按其词汇意义可分为两大类:专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns)。普通名词又可分为四类:个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词和集体名词是可数的,称为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词一般不可数,称为不可数名词。 数词(Numerals )是表示数目多少或顺序先后的
词。数词分为两大类:基数词(Cardinal Numerals)和序数词(Ordinal Numerals)。
考点一 名词 ①名词的分类
⑴专有名词与普通名词
① 专有名词是表示个人、机构、组织、地方、国家等
的专有名称的词。首字母一般大写。例如:Alice,Australia,Oxford
University,Janurary,Monday,Harry Potter。
② 普通名词是一类人或物或是一个抽象概念的名称。
例如:worker,machine,information 。 (2)个体名词与集体名词
①个体名词指具体的人或物,也可指抽象的事物。个体名词都是可数名词,有单复数形式。例如:The reservoir has flooded 2cities,11countries,140towns and morn than 4000villages.水库淹没了2个城市、11个县、140个镇和4000多个村庄。(外研③—6)
②集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,是一群人或某类事物的总称。
a. 有些集体名词表示整体时作单数看待,表示各个成员时作复数看待。例如:audience,class,club,committee,couple,crew,crowd,enemy, family,government,group,jury,public,staff,team,youth. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. 她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否则他们都会被德国纳粹抓走。(表示整体)(人教①—1)
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. 谢雷同房东一家人住在一起,他们给了她许多好的建议。(表示各个成员)(人教⑦—5)
b. 有些集体名词通常只作复数看待。例如:cattle,people,police.
People from different parts of the world,attracted by the climate and lifestyle,still immigrate to California. 世界各
地的人,由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福利亚。(人教⑧—1) Cattle provide us with milk and beef. 牛为我们提供牛奶和牛肉。
c. 有些集体名词通常用作不可数名词。例如:clothing,furniture,jewelry,luggage,machinery,traffic. Our clothing proctects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冷。 The furniture was moved in. 家具被搬了进来。
(3)物质名词与抽象名词
①物质名词是指无法分为个体的实物名词。
a. 物质名词一般是不可数名词,因而没有复数形式。
例如:There were two kinds of food and one drink on it:raw vegetables,fruit and water. 菜谱上只有两种食物和一种饮料:生蔬菜、水果和水。(人教⑤—2) b. 有些物质名词可用复数形式,但意义不同。例如:
brains(智能) ,papers(文件) ,sands(沙滩) ,coffees(几份咖啡) ,hairs(几根头发) ,woods(树林) 。
Servant enters with a stack of official-looking papers and gives them to king. 仆人拿着一叠貌似官方的文件走进来,把它们呈现给国王。(牛津⑥—1) ②抽象名词是表示抽象概念的名词。例如ability(能力) ,comfort(舒服) ,experience(经验) ,failure(失败) ,idea(思想) ,knowledge(知识) ,pleasure(愉快) ,power(力量) ,sense(意义) ,situation(形势) ,state(状态) 。
a. 抽象名词一般不可数,因此无复数形式,前面一般也不加不定冠词a/an。例如:
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
Today,I ‟m going to talk about how to find happiness. 今天,我要谈的是如何找到快乐。(牛津⑥—2)
b. 有些抽象名词可用复数形式,但意义有所不同。例如customs(海关) ,experience(经历) ,goods (货物),manners(礼貌) ,regards(问候) ,times (时代),works(著作) ,glasses(眼镜) 。
In the journal,writers also record their experiences,ideals and afterthoughts about what they have seen.在旅游日志里,作者也记录他们的经历、思想和见闻感想。(人教①—3)
(4)可数名词与不可数名词
英语的名词按其语法特征又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns )和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns ). 例如:
They offer food,flowers and gifts to the dead.
例如:The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet Van Gogh,and Matisse.西方艺术的收藏包括莫奈、梵高、毕加索和马蒂等著名艺术家的作品。(人教⑥—1)
The science facilities are very good,with laboratories that have all the latest equipment.这些科研设备非常好,并且配有最新设备的实验室。(外研①—5) (2)不规则变化形式
①常见名词的不规则复数形式:
Man —men 男子,woman —women 妇女 Foot —feet 脚,tooth —teeth 牙齿 Mouse —mice 老鼠,goose —geese 鹅 Child —children 儿童,ox —oxen 公牛 Gentleman —gentlemen 先生
Englishman —Englishmen 英国男子 Policeman —policemen 警察
Chairwoman —chairwomen 女主席 Businessman —businessmen 商人
注意:German 的复数形式是Germans 而不是Germen 。 ②单复数同形的名词
单数与复数形式相同的名词主要有如下几种情况:某些动物的名称,如sheep 绵羊,bison 野牛,deer 鹿;表示某国人的名词,如Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Vietnamese 越南人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人;中国的一些计量单位,如li 里,jin 斤,yuan 元,mu 亩。
③同一名词的两种复数形式,表示不同的意思。
a.works 表示‘工厂’时,单复数同形,但表示‘著作’时单数形式为work, 复数形式为works. 例如:a gas works 一个煤气厂,two gas works两个煤气厂 Mr.Brown has turned out many works. 布朗先生已经写出了很多作品。
b.fish 当表示鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes, 表示条数时为fish. 例如:
I keep five fishes in the fishbowl.我在鱼缸里养了五种鱼 I caught a fish(two fish).我捕到了一条(两条)鱼。 c.people 指‘人们‟时是集体名词,没有单复数之分,指‘民族’时,单数为people, 复数为peoples. 例如: people 人民---two people两个人
a people一个民族---two peoples 两个民族 ③名词所有格
英语中的所有格是表明一种所有关系,这种所有格形式有“-’s 所有格”和“名词+of+名词”两种。 (1)-’s 所有格形式的用法 ①名词所有格主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词,表示“……的”。例如: Well-known for their expertise,his parent s‟ company,called “Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. 他父母的公司-----“未来之旅”利用他们的专业技术,用时空穿梭机平安地把我送入了未来。(人教⑤—3)
I first met Li Meng at a friend‟s birthday party five years ago. 我第一次见到李梦是在五年前我朋友的生日聚会上。
真题链接
(2009江西,23)The_____shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into______car.
A.girl ‟s ;Tom ‟s B.girl s‟;Toms ‟ C.girls ‟;Tom ‟s D.girl ‟s ;Toms ‟
【解析】C 。由句中asked 后的them 可以判断出女孩的数量大于1,故第一空应用复数所有格。第二空指“汤姆的车”。
②表示时间、距离、价格。例如:
Today ‟s festivals have many origins,some religious,some seasonal,and some for special people or events.现在的节日有很多由来,一些是宗教上的,一些是有关季节的,一些是为纪念特殊的人和事的。(人教③—1)
The village is far away from here indeed.It‟s a four hours‟ walk. 那个村庄确实离这里很远,步行要四个小时。 注意:在以-s 结尾的复数名词后面只加“’”。例如: Can you see the students‟ dormitory?你能看见学生宿舍吗?
③表示国家、城市等地方的名词常用-’s 结构。例如: China ‟s coastline 中国的海岸线 The city‟s parks 城市的公园 The zoo‟s entrance动物园的入口 The Middle East‟s problems中东问题 The city‟s environment城市环境
④表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。例如: at the barber‟s(shop)在理发店 at the butcher‟s(shop)在肉铺 at the doctor‟s(office)在医院 at the tailor‟s(shop)在裁缝店 at the Whites‟(home)在怀特家里 at the bookseller‟s(store)在书店 at the dentist‟s(hospital)在牙科医院
⑤-„s 用于固定短语。所有格形式还经常出现在固定的短语中。例如:
for friendship‟s sake 为了友谊
at one‟s wit‟s end黔驴技穷,不知所措 by a hair‟s breath差一点 at arm‟s length疏远地
in one‟s mind‟s eye在某人的心目中 to one‟s heart‟s content尽情地
within a stone‟s throw在很近的距离
注意:由and 构成的两个或多个名词共同拥有某物时,只将最后一个名词变为所有格形式,如果是各自所有,则每一个名词都要变为所有格形式,例如:
Richard ‟s and Jane‟s parents理查德的父母和简的父母 Richard and Jane‟s parents理查德和简的父母
Henry ‟s,Richard ‟s and Jane‟s schools亨利、理查德和简各自的学校
Henry,Richard and Jane‟s school亨利、理查德和简共同的学校
⑥构成不同的节日时用-’s 形式。例如: Valentine ‟s Day情人节 April Fool‟s Day愚人节 Children ‟s Day儿童节 Teachers ‟ Day教师节 Women ‟s Day妇女节 Mother ‟s Day母亲节 Father ‟s Day父亲节 New Year‟s Day新年 (2)“of 所有格“形式的用法
①一般说来,无生命的名词用of 所有格结构。例如: There ‟s something wrong with the engine of the car. 汽车发动机出了故障。
The capital of Peru is Lima,which is in the north on the coast. 秘鲁的首都是利马----位于北部沿海地区。(人教⑦—5)
②有时也用于表示人和其他有生命的名词。例如: When in trouble,I usually take the advice of my parents. 当遇到麻烦时,我通常采纳父母的建议。 That ‟s the opinion of Jim,not mine. 那是吉姆的意见,不是我的。
注意:表示有生命的东西的名词,在该名词较长或名词的定语较长的情况下,可以用“of+名词”结构。例如:I don ‟t know the name of the boy standing at the entrance. 我不知道站在入口处的男孩的名字。 (3)双重所有格“of+名词的-’s 所有格的用法 ①特定人所拥有的多个人或物的一个或多个。
双重所有格带有-’s 所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词,同时of 前面的名词必须不确定,表示很多数目中的一个或几个。例如: a work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅作品中的一部
another work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的另一部作品 any work of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的任何一部作品
some/most/many works of Lu Xun ‟s 鲁迅作品中的一些作品/大多数作品/很多作品
several works of Lu Xun‟s 鲁迅的几部作品
a work of hers/his/theirs/ours/yours她/他/他们/我们/你们的一部作品 ②表达特殊情感。
有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词连用时,往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。例如: That brother of yours is looking for trouble. 你那位兄弟又来找麻烦。
Look at those books of Henry‟s. What a mess they are! 看看亨利的那些书。多么乱呀!
注意:a friend of Andrew与a friend of Andrew‟s 的差别 Adeline is a friend of Andrew.艾德琳是安德鲁的朋友。 (强调是朋友关系,不是其他关系)
Adeline is a friend of Andrew‟s. 艾德琳是安德鲁的一个朋友。(强调是多个朋友中的一个) ④名词作定语
随着英语的发展,名词作定语的情况越来越多。一般来说,名词作定语,它往往是说明其名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。现在我们分类说明如下: (1) 材料
a diamond necklacer一条钻石项链
a bamboo pole竹竿 a stone bridge石桥 straw hats草帽 rubber boots胶鞋 pineapple juice菠萝汁 (2) 用途
a meeting room会议室 the railway station火车站 a tennis court网球场 a tennis club网球俱乐部 a peace conference和平会议 milk bottle牛奶瓶 (3)时间
summer holidays暑假 Sunday papers星期日报纸 November fogs十一月的雾季 evening suit晚礼服 (4)地点
London hotels伦敦旅馆 body temperature体温 city streets城市街道 a corner shop街道拐角的商店
a football player足球运动员 a paper basket纸篓 a shoe factory鞋厂 a car park停车场
②名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有用复数的。例如:
sports meeting运动会 machines hall展览机器的大厅 a clothes shop服装店 a customs officer海关人员 a glasses store眼镜店 a goods train运送货物的火车 a sales manger营业主任
③被修饰的名词变复数时,一般情况下,作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式,但由man 或woman 作定语修饰的名词变成复数时,两部分皆要变为复数形式。例如:man doctor---men doctors男医生 woman singer---women singers女歌手
④有时作定语用的名词有与之相应的同根形容词。一般情况下,名词作定语侧重说明被修饰的名词的内容或性质(内在);同根形容词作定语则常常描述被修饰的名词的特征。例如:
gold watch指手表含有金的性质
golden watch则表示手表是金色的特征,不一定含有金 stone house石头造的房子 stony heart铁石般的心肠 peace conference和平会议 peaceful construction和平建设 ⑤抽象名词具体化
(1)一般来说抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,叫抽象名词具体化。主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特征、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: ②抽象名词与a/an连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 英语知识在国际贸易中是很必要的。 It is a waste of time reading such a novel. 读这样的小说是浪费时间。
(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。
①物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单复数。如:some coffee 一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡;some drink 一些饮料,a drink 一杯饮料,three drinks 三杯饮料;his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发;glass 玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。
②物质名词有前置语修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。试比较:
The road is covered with snow.路上覆盖着雪。 They have a heavy snow every year. 他们那每年都下一场大雪。
Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人。 We had a wonderful time last night. 昨天晚上我们玩得很愉快。
(3)一些复数形式的不可数名词表示具体的概念。 ①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。例如: They have smoothed away the difficulties. 他们已经克服了这些困难。
After many failures,they finally succeeded. 经过许多失败后他们最终成功了。
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。例如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news. 听到这个坏消息那个孩子大哭起来。 The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 在大雨中石桥垮掉了。 考点二 数词 ①基础词的用法
基数词在句子中主要作定语、表语、同位语、宾语、定语和状语。例如:
Three exploded on London underground lines and another on a bus.三枚炸弹在伦敦地铁线上爆炸,另一枚在一辆公交汽车上爆炸。(北师大④—11) They divorced when I was four. 我四岁时他们就离婚了。(北师大①—2)
You three are on duty today.你们三个今天值日。
Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago.自从400年前第一批移民地到来,有很多因素影响了美式发音。(人教⑤—1)
注意:①十位与百位之间用and 连接;hundred 表示“百”;thousand 表示“ 千”;million 表示“百万”。例如:
There are one thousand one hundred and twenty-four workers in the factory.在那个工厂有1124名工人。 ②把基数词放在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面表示明确具体的数目时,这些词后面不能加-s, 除score 外其他都不与of 连用。例如:
She has three score(of) eggs in her basket. 她的篮子里有60个鸡蛋。
③在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面没有基数词,表示笼统的数目时,要在这些词后面加-s. 例如: Going eastward,you ‟ll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests,as well as wide rivers and large cities.一路向东,你就会经过一座座山脉,上千个湖泊、森林、还有宽阔的河流和许多大城市。(人教③—5) Hundreds of people are working in the field now. 现在有数百人正在田野里劳动。
④在score,dozen,hundred,thousand 等词前面有several,few,some,many 等词时,用‘several 等+hundreds of +复数名词’或‘several 等+hundred+复数名词’。例如:There are several hundreds of students on the playground. 操场上有几百名学生。
⑤基数词用于复合形容词中时,不加-s 。例如: This is an eight-thousand-word article. 这是一篇8000字的文章。 真题链接
(2007浙江,2)It is reported that the floods have left about______people homeless.
A.two thousand B.two-thousand C.two thousands D.two thousands of 【解析】A thousand 前若有数词,thousand 一般不加-s, 只有thousands of中用复数形式。 ②序数词的用法 序数词除了开头的三个词(first/second/third)有独特的形式外,其他都是在基数词词尾加-th 构成。例如: I ‟ve made only three New Year‟s resolutions;the first is to learn more,the second is to take up a sport and the third is to go to the theater.我已制定了三个新年计划;第一是学习更多的知识,第二是学一项运动,第三是看戏。(北师大④—10)
一般来说,序数词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等。例如: Do you prefer the first or the second? 第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢?
Columbus was the first who discovered America. 哥伦布是第一个发现美洲的人。
Take the first turn to the right and then the second turn to the left and you‟ll get there.在第一个转弯处向右转,然后在第二个转弯处向左转,然后就到了。 ③ 其他几种数词的构成与用法 (1) 分数表示法
①分数由“基数词+序数词”构成,其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母,当分子大于1时,在序数词后面要加-s 。例如:
A two-third majority is needed to pass a resolution.必须有三分之二的赞成票才能通过一项决议。(外研11—6) Three quarters of China‟s engery is produced by burning coal. 中国四分之三的能源是通过燃煤获得的。(外研④—6)
②分子和分母的数目较大时,两者都用基数词,之间用over/by/out of连接。例如:
Only one over/out of one hundred of the patients of this disease is apt to be cured.
这种病人仅有百分之一的能够被治愈。
Seven over/out of twenty of the students have passed the fight test.二十分之七的学生通过了飞行测试。
注意:分数修饰名词时,可以用下面的方式来表示: one-half the distance一半路程 one-half of the distance一半路程
three quarters the people四分之三的人 three quarters of the people四分之三的人 (2) 小数表示法
小数总是用阿拉伯数字表达。小数点后不论有多少位都不能加上逗号,而应一气写成,但小数点之前的数依然按照三位一个逗号的原则书写。例如:
67.89读作sixty-seven point eight nine或six seven point eight nine
3.1415926读作three point one four one five nine two six (3)百分数表示法
百分数内的数目用阿拉伯数字,后接percent 或%,在句首时则用英语单词书写。例如:
Ninety percent of the students in the class are fond of reading newspapers.这个班90%的学生喜欢看报纸。 As a result of Yuan Longping ‟s discoveries Chinese rice production rose by 47.5percent in the 1990‟s.
由于袁隆平的发现,中国的水稻产量在20世纪90年代增长了47.5%。(人教④—4)
注意:不到百分之一的百分数可以用阿拉伯数字表达,也可用单词表达。例如: zero point three percent(0.3%) one(-) half of 1 percent(0.5%) one-quarter of 1 percent(0.25%) (4)日起表示法
10月1日:October(the) first或the first day of October 2010年8月1日:August 1,2010或08/01/2010 20世纪90年代:in the 1990s或in the 1990‟s
从1990年至2010年:in/during the years1990-2010 在2006年和2010年之间:between 2006 and 2010 十年:a decade,ten years
二十年:two decades或a score of years
三十年:three decades或a score and ten years或a score years and ten
四十年:four decades或two score of years
五十年:half a century或five decades或two score and ten years或two score years and ten 一百年:a century或a/one hundred years/five score years (5)时刻表示法
在表达时刻时,如果在30分钟以内,英国英语用“分钟+past+小时”,美国英语用“分钟+after+小时”;如果超过30分钟,英国英语用“分钟+to+小时”,美国英语用“分钟+of+小时”。最简便的方法即“时+分”(所有时间都可以这样表达)。例如:
9:05 nine o five或five(minutes)past/after nine 9:20 twenty(minutes)past/after nine或nine twenty 9:15a quarter past/after nine或nine fifteen 9:30 half past nine或nine thirty
9:55five(minutes)to/of ten或nine fifty-five 9:45a quarter to/of ten或nine forty-five 注意:sharp 的运用
Sharp 常用在整点时刻(不包括半点时刻)的最后面,表示“……点整”。 nine o‟clock sharp九点整
9 o‟clock sharp p.m晚上九点整 (6)年龄表示法
一般场合下多用数字进行强调;正式的写作中都用英语单词表达年龄。例如:
In 1891,at the age of17,he set sail for Alexandria,Egypt. 1891年,17岁的他起航去了埃及的亚历山大。(译林②—3)
I‟m 18 years old when I start to live on my own. 我十八岁了,是开始独立生活的年龄了。 (7)数词可以用来表示确切的数量、不确切的数量等。 ①表达确切的数量
It is about 380000 kilometers from the earth to the moon. 从地球到月球的距离大约是38万千米。 ②表达不确切的数量
ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion 等可以构成短语,表示泛指的数目多。此时这些词不能被具体的数字修饰,但可以被many,several,a few等词修饰。例如: tens of 数十 hundreds of数百 tens of hundreds of上千 thousands of数千 tens of thousands of上万 millions of数百万 hundreds of hundreds of成百上千的 thousands of thousands of成千上万的 millions of millions of成百万的 a few hundreds of几百 several thousands 几千
many millions of好几百万的 经典真题
1. (2006湖北,21)To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their______and weaknesses.
A.strengths B.benefits C.techniques D.values 2.(2005北京春,20)It took us quite a long time to get here.It was______journey.
A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours
3.(2004上海春,27)Th. village is far away from here indeed.It ‟s______walk.
A.a four hour B.a four hour‟s C.a four-hours D.a four hours‟
4.(2004全国,31)If you buy more than ten,they knock 20 pence off______.
A.a price B.price C.the price D.prices
能力挑战
1.The computer system crashed and I lost______of work.. A.three hour‟s worth B.three hours‟ worth C.three hours‟ worthy D.three hour‟s worthy 2.On a distant mountain was______sign in characters. “One world,one dream”it said.
A.a 20-feet B.20-foots C.a 20-foot D.20feet 3.______people in the world are sending informationg by e-mail every day.
A.several million B.many millions C.several millions D.many million
4.They had to do much walking after their car broke down on the way to the village yesteday that their______are still aching now.
A.leg ‟s muscle B.leg ‟s muscle C.leg muscles D.legs muscles 5.---Can I help you,sir?
----Yes,what ‟s the price of the apple? ----Ninety-seven______per kilogram.
A.pences B.pence C.penny D,pennys
6.On the way,they fired on settlers‟ houses and stole about twenty______and six horses.
A.cattles B.head of cattles C.head of cattle D.heads of cattle
7.He sold______of the magazine this afternoon. A.three dozen copy B.three dozens copy C.three dozen copies D.three dozens copies 8.The hero of the story is an artist in his_____. A.thirth B.thirty C.thirty ‟s D.thirties
9.The history of_____is full of achievements and adventures.
A.man B.men C.men ‟s D.the men 10.We are______and they are______. A.Englishmen; Germans B.Englishmen; German C.Englishman; Germans D.Englishmen; Germen
11.He doesn‟t like having_____for supper.
A.chick B.chicken C.chickens D.chicks
12.British government often says that providing children with_____to the information super highway is of great importance.
A.prevention B.protection C.allowance D.access 13----What do you think of the dinner in Mr.Brown‟s? ----Oh,great!We have never had a better one.It‟s a dinner of twenty______.
A.drinks B.people C.tables D.courses.
14.One day Mary ‟s mother told her best friend of all her_____.
A.hope and fear B.hope and fears C.hopes and fears D.hopes and fear
15.He left_____with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon.He said he would keep______. A.words; his words B.word; his word C.word; word D.the word; his word 16.This shop sells______clothing A.child ‟s and woman‟s B.children and women‟s C.children ‟s and women D.children ‟s and women‟s
17.---It ‟s getting dark earlier than before,isn‟t it? ----Yes.I think so.I see____is already on. A.the street‟s light B.the light of the street C.the streets‟ light D.the street light
18.----Where did you two have your______examined? ----At the ______.
A. stomaches; doctor‟s B. stomachs; doctor C. stomachs; doctor‟s D. stomaches; doctors‟
19.We could hardly see any trees here ten years ago,but now_____of this area____covered by trees. A.two-thirds; is B.two-threes; are C.two-thirds; are D.twos-third; is
20.Experts said that in Sichuan earthquake,about 305 earthquakes have occurred in the country and______people died or were injured. A.ten thousands B.tens of thousands of C.tens of thousand of D.ten thousands of
21. ______of the workers in this factory is about two hundred; _____ of them are women workers.
A. The number; first third B. The number; one third C. A number; half D. A number; three quarters 22. - Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to seaside with me four days ago.
-I‟m sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a _____ holiday soon.
A. four-days B. four-day
C. four days D. four day
23. More than two _____years ago, people knew little about the universe.
A. thousands B. thousand
C. thousand of D. thousands of
24. Three students ____ in this university come from the South.
A. of ten B. out of in ten C. out of ten D. in tens
25. ______ runners won medals, and one of them won _____ prizes.
A. Three first ; three the first
B. The three first ; the three first C. Three the first; the first three D. The first three; three first
26.All the school children must be taught how to deal with dangerous______.
A.states B.conditions C.situations D.positions 27.He goes to work by car.His house is ____from his office in the city.
A.two hour‟s drive B.two hours‟ drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive
28.----Hello,Mary,where were you last weekend? ----________.
A.At Borown‟s B.To the Brown‟s C.To Brown‟s D.At the Brown‟s 29.----What does Mr.Smith do for a living?
-----He ‟s one of the most successful____in the city. A.newspaper reporter B.newspaper ‟s reporters C. newspaper‟s reporter D.newspaper reporters
30.Toward evening,______came,which made things even worse.
A.heavy rain B.heavy cloud C.the heavy rain D.a heavy rain
31.It is not rare in____that people in____fifties are going to university for further education.
A.90s; the B.the 90s;/ C.90s;their D.the 90s;their 32.My aunt has beautiful long____,but I can see some white_____.
A.hair;hair B.hairs;hair C.hair;hairs D.hairs;hairs
强化训练
1.times →time 2.subject →subjects 3.first time →first 4. 第二个library →libraries 5. question →questions 6. Mary ‟s → Mary 7.Bill →Bill ‟s 8. 在million 后加of 9. 在second 前加the 10.在twenties 前加his 11.nineth→ninth 12. 在1930‟s 前加the 13.time →times 14.first →third 15. minute‟s →minutes ‟
经典真题
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.C
能力挑战
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C5. B6.C 7. C8. D 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.B 28.A 29. D30.D 31. D 32. C
诊断测试
1. bal l →balls2.classmate →classmates 3.advices →advice 4.friend →friends5.peoples →people 6.moment →moment ‟s 7.C 8.C 9.A10.A