汉英翻译常见错误分析
一、汉英翻译错误分析
大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄, 酿酒和饮酒, 喂牛和挤奶, 锄草和栽花; 在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜, 在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样, 每个地方都有自己的传说, 风俗也就衍传了下来。
常见错误一:词汇错误
1. 词的理解偏差
2. 词的上下搭配
词汇错误1 :词义理解偏差
(大自然的) 恩赐: presents
人,人们: human beings,men
种植(庄稼和葡萄):plant crops and grapes
栽(花): plant flowers
锄草:get rid of grass
温馨家园: warm houses, warm residences,warm family
词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
喂牛和挤奶:
牛:cattle (牛,总称);bull (公牛);cow (母牛);calf (牛犊);ox (牛,统称;或公牛);bullock (阉牛);buffalo (水牛)
错译:feed bulls and milk cow(喂公牛和挤母牛的奶);feed oxen and milk them;feed bulls for milk
词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
喂牛和挤奶:
改译:使用及物动词,feed cattle and milk cows, feed cows and milk them, feed and milk cows, feed cows for milk;使用不及物动词,feed cattle and milk, feed cows and milk 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
酿酒和饮酒:
酒:alcohol, wine, liquor, spirits, beer, whisky
错译:brew wine and drink alcohol, brew spirits and drink wine, brew wine and drink beer 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
酿酒和饮酒:
改译:使用使用及物动词,brew and drink wine;使用不及物动词,brew and drink 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
一致并深深地依赖: depend deeply and unanimously,depend deeply and identically 种植(庄稼和葡萄): raise crops and grapes
栽(花): raise flowers
锄草: get rid of grass
温馨家园: warm family
常见错误二:词语顺序
无论贫富: poor and rich,whether we are poor or not
跳舞和唱歌:dance and sing
常见错误三:语篇错误
1. 逐字翻译,画蛇添足
2. 重复不当,不合习惯
3. 断句不当,割裂语篇
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。
原译 :On weekends they go to church to pray and do religious services; in holiday they go to the square to play musical instruments, dance and sing.
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。
改 译:On weekends they go to church ,and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 2、 往 日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。
原 译 : Those fields in the past/ of yesterday are still cozy homelands at present/ nowadays/ of today.
改 译 ::Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever…
语篇错误2:重复不当,不合习惯
例 3、所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
原 译 :S o people all deeply depend on nature. Especially in the countryside, people keep the unchangeable way of lives for thousands of years.
语篇错误2:重复不当,不合习惯
例 3、所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
改译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。
原译一 :Nature always distributes its resources to human beings. And every man gets equally from it.
原译二 : The gifts bestowed by nature are equally distributed among mankind. No matter one is rich or poor, he receives the same from nature.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。
改译 : All people are blessed by nature,rich and poor alike.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 9、 尤 其是在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
原 译 一 :Especially in the countryside, people's living patterns haven't changed for a thousand years, and people there still live in the same life style.
原 译 二 :This was especially true in the country. There people have been living in an unchanged way for a thousand years
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 9、 尤 其是在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
改 译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country
where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.
精彩译文
All people are blessed by nature, rich and poor alike. That accounts for their deep rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes, brew the wine that they drink, raise cows for milk ,and weed their gardens for the cultivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church ,and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever, each with a unique folklore from which its customs have derived.
二、汉英翻译三步策略
什么是句子?
A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.
一个句子就是一组词,在书面语中,每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写,句末用句号、问号或者感叹号;大多数句子有主语和谓语。
结论1
英语的句子中,大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译,只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语,就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。
除了主语和谓语之外,当然还有修饰语。
所以,定主语、找谓语、加修饰就成了汉英翻译的最简单,最有效,最不容易犯错误的方法。
汉英翻译三步策略
定主语——找谓语——加修饰
你知道我们图书馆所订购书籍的数量吗?
定主语:你 you
找谓语:知道数量吗?know the number?
加修饰:知道书籍的数量,知道图书馆所订购书籍的数量
Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library? 英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
1. 定主语:
1.1. 确定原文的主语为译文主语
At present, is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.
Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.
车、以及随意处理的产品。
as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.
的快餐食品。
Nowadays have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal. 若原文主语为动词,需要变为动名词或者不定式
会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。
世纪的三大历史任务。
1.2. 重新确定主语
A. 确定原文的宾语为译文的主语
is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China. 并非全部都要用被动态,要根据英语习惯来决定。
B. 增加主语——增加泛指的主语:we, one, you
然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。 of a person.
凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。
C. 增加主语——增加it :在英语中,代词it 作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。 自从理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
……如果你想到英语国家去念大学,或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话,通过语言考试那就至关重要了。
useful to know the answer… is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or
university in an English-speaking country, or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.
D. 增加主语——增加there be
government's financial support.
结论2
总而言之,要做好汉英翻译,第一步,也是最重要的一步,是要确定汉语原文中用哪一个词来做主语,进而就可以顺利确定英语的句型结构。当然,随着主语的确定,我们的汉语句子分析能力,肯定能够让我们顺利地找到一个相匹配的谓语。
2. 找谓语
一般来说,在汉英翻译的过程中,随着主语的确定,凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者,几乎总能在汉语原文中,找出一个对应的谓语来。但是,和汉语原文主语对应的谓语,不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前,我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。 找谓语方法——汉英语法分析法
汉语
1. 汉语的动词没有人称、数、时态和语态
2. 汉语是明显的“动作性语言”,多数句子都有明显的谓语动词
3. 汉语中名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语可以充当谓语,有“是字句”
4. 汉语中有连动式
5. 汉语有兼语式
6. 汉语少用“被字句”,常有“把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为…所、由…来、是…的”等句式
7. 汉语有存现句
英语
1. 英语有人称、数、时态和语态,所以汉英翻译时,一定要关注主谓一致原则,多注意英语句子的语法结构
2. 英语中只有动词才能做谓语
3. 英语有系表结构
4. 英语中一个句子只有一个主要动词,其他动词可以用and 并列,或者用“非谓语动词”连接,或者用介词短语代替动作
5. 英语中有谓语+宾语+补足语
6. 英语多用被动态
7. 英语有there be句型
2.1.要注意时态、人称和数的变化
2.2. 直接找动词
汉语多数句子都有动词,而动词谓语是句子的核心。谓语动词的“前”有句子的主语,“后”则可能有宾语,所以选择谓语的原则是
——“瞻前顾后”
So far, which is more effective and reliable than exams 间也越来越大。
After China’s entry into WTO, foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and their own development.
3. 用系表结构
对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况,一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译。
4. 多用被动态
Furthermore, the present living conditions freed themselves from poverty.
“学习”。
Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts in a new order.
。
The economic system of U.S.A. is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.
5. 连动式——选择主要动词与次要动词
对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型,可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语,其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式,介词词组的形式,或者用“and”来连接几个动词。
我们作为中国人,在理解汉语的时候,几个连续动作中,要找出一个主要动词来并不困难。我们可以根据几个动作发生的先后来选择主要谓语动词,也可以根据几个动作之间的关系来选择主要动词。对于次要动词,一般有以下几种处理方式:
a. 用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词
(首都经贸大学
The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year, closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.
b. 用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念
2. 加修饰
修饰语的作用:让句子更加丰满,有血有肉;逻辑更加明确,有条有理。
用得最多的两种修饰语——定语和状语
定语和状语的种类,单个单词、短语和从句
1. 单词
2. 短语
3. 从句
2.1单词
单词作定语一般在中心词前;作状语则位置比较灵活,可以在句子开头、动词前、或者句子末尾。
On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden.
2.2 短语
短语的种类一般有:介词短语、分词短语和不定式短语,这三者作定语,位置总是在名词后;作状语的位置则可以灵活安排,但是
介词短语一般表时间和地点,分词短语一般表伴随和原因,不定式短语一般表目的。 加修饰的方法——3. 从句
3. 从句的作用很大,能让句子变得复杂,能体现译员对长句和难句的把握能力,可以适当多用,尤其是在句与句之间的衔接上
汉英翻译常见错误分析
一、汉英翻译错误分析
大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄, 酿酒和饮酒, 喂牛和挤奶, 锄草和栽花; 在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜, 在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样, 每个地方都有自己的传说, 风俗也就衍传了下来。
常见错误一:词汇错误
1. 词的理解偏差
2. 词的上下搭配
词汇错误1 :词义理解偏差
(大自然的) 恩赐: presents
人,人们: human beings,men
种植(庄稼和葡萄):plant crops and grapes
栽(花): plant flowers
锄草:get rid of grass
温馨家园: warm houses, warm residences,warm family
词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
喂牛和挤奶:
牛:cattle (牛,总称);bull (公牛);cow (母牛);calf (牛犊);ox (牛,统称;或公牛);bullock (阉牛);buffalo (水牛)
错译:feed bulls and milk cow(喂公牛和挤母牛的奶);feed oxen and milk them;feed bulls for milk
词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
喂牛和挤奶:
改译:使用及物动词,feed cattle and milk cows, feed cows and milk them, feed and milk cows, feed cows for milk;使用不及物动词,feed cattle and milk, feed cows and milk 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
酿酒和饮酒:
酒:alcohol, wine, liquor, spirits, beer, whisky
错译:brew wine and drink alcohol, brew spirits and drink wine, brew wine and drink beer 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
酿酒和饮酒:
改译:使用使用及物动词,brew and drink wine;使用不及物动词,brew and drink 词汇错误2:词的上下搭配错误
一致并深深地依赖: depend deeply and unanimously,depend deeply and identically 种植(庄稼和葡萄): raise crops and grapes
栽(花): raise flowers
锄草: get rid of grass
温馨家园: warm family
常见错误二:词语顺序
无论贫富: poor and rich,whether we are poor or not
跳舞和唱歌:dance and sing
常见错误三:语篇错误
1. 逐字翻译,画蛇添足
2. 重复不当,不合习惯
3. 断句不当,割裂语篇
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。
原译 :On weekends they go to church to pray and do religious services; in holiday they go to the square to play musical instruments, dance and sing.
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。
改 译:On weekends they go to church ,and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares
语篇错误1:逐字翻译,画蛇添足
例 2、 往 日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。
原 译 : Those fields in the past/ of yesterday are still cozy homelands at present/ nowadays/ of today.
改 译 ::Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever…
语篇错误2:重复不当,不合习惯
例 3、所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
原 译 :S o people all deeply depend on nature. Especially in the countryside, people keep the unchangeable way of lives for thousands of years.
语篇错误2:重复不当,不合习惯
例 3、所以人们对于大自然, 全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
改译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。
原译一 :Nature always distributes its resources to human beings. And every man gets equally from it.
原译二 : The gifts bestowed by nature are equally distributed among mankind. No matter one is rich or poor, he receives the same from nature.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。
改译 : All people are blessed by nature,rich and poor alike.
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 9、 尤 其是在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
原 译 一 :Especially in the countryside, people's living patterns haven't changed for a thousand years, and people there still live in the same life style.
原 译 二 :This was especially true in the country. There people have been living in an unchanged way for a thousand years
语篇错误3:断句不当,割裂语篇
例 9、 尤 其是在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
改 译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country
where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.
精彩译文
All people are blessed by nature, rich and poor alike. That accounts for their deep rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes, brew the wine that they drink, raise cows for milk ,and weed their gardens for the cultivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church ,and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever, each with a unique folklore from which its customs have derived.
二、汉英翻译三步策略
什么是句子?
A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.
一个句子就是一组词,在书面语中,每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写,句末用句号、问号或者感叹号;大多数句子有主语和谓语。
结论1
英语的句子中,大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译,只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语,就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。
除了主语和谓语之外,当然还有修饰语。
所以,定主语、找谓语、加修饰就成了汉英翻译的最简单,最有效,最不容易犯错误的方法。
汉英翻译三步策略
定主语——找谓语——加修饰
你知道我们图书馆所订购书籍的数量吗?
定主语:你 you
找谓语:知道数量吗?know the number?
加修饰:知道书籍的数量,知道图书馆所订购书籍的数量
Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library? 英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
1. 定主语:
1.1. 确定原文的主语为译文主语
At present, is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.
Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.
车、以及随意处理的产品。
as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.
的快餐食品。
Nowadays have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal. 若原文主语为动词,需要变为动名词或者不定式
会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。
世纪的三大历史任务。
1.2. 重新确定主语
A. 确定原文的宾语为译文的主语
is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China. 并非全部都要用被动态,要根据英语习惯来决定。
B. 增加主语——增加泛指的主语:we, one, you
然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。 of a person.
凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。
C. 增加主语——增加it :在英语中,代词it 作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。 自从理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
……如果你想到英语国家去念大学,或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话,通过语言考试那就至关重要了。
useful to know the answer… is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or
university in an English-speaking country, or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.
D. 增加主语——增加there be
government's financial support.
结论2
总而言之,要做好汉英翻译,第一步,也是最重要的一步,是要确定汉语原文中用哪一个词来做主语,进而就可以顺利确定英语的句型结构。当然,随着主语的确定,我们的汉语句子分析能力,肯定能够让我们顺利地找到一个相匹配的谓语。
2. 找谓语
一般来说,在汉英翻译的过程中,随着主语的确定,凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者,几乎总能在汉语原文中,找出一个对应的谓语来。但是,和汉语原文主语对应的谓语,不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前,我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。 找谓语方法——汉英语法分析法
汉语
1. 汉语的动词没有人称、数、时态和语态
2. 汉语是明显的“动作性语言”,多数句子都有明显的谓语动词
3. 汉语中名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语可以充当谓语,有“是字句”
4. 汉语中有连动式
5. 汉语有兼语式
6. 汉语少用“被字句”,常有“把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为…所、由…来、是…的”等句式
7. 汉语有存现句
英语
1. 英语有人称、数、时态和语态,所以汉英翻译时,一定要关注主谓一致原则,多注意英语句子的语法结构
2. 英语中只有动词才能做谓语
3. 英语有系表结构
4. 英语中一个句子只有一个主要动词,其他动词可以用and 并列,或者用“非谓语动词”连接,或者用介词短语代替动作
5. 英语中有谓语+宾语+补足语
6. 英语多用被动态
7. 英语有there be句型
2.1.要注意时态、人称和数的变化
2.2. 直接找动词
汉语多数句子都有动词,而动词谓语是句子的核心。谓语动词的“前”有句子的主语,“后”则可能有宾语,所以选择谓语的原则是
——“瞻前顾后”
So far, which is more effective and reliable than exams 间也越来越大。
After China’s entry into WTO, foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and their own development.
3. 用系表结构
对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况,一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译。
4. 多用被动态
Furthermore, the present living conditions freed themselves from poverty.
“学习”。
Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts in a new order.
。
The economic system of U.S.A. is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.
5. 连动式——选择主要动词与次要动词
对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型,可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语,其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式,介词词组的形式,或者用“and”来连接几个动词。
我们作为中国人,在理解汉语的时候,几个连续动作中,要找出一个主要动词来并不困难。我们可以根据几个动作发生的先后来选择主要谓语动词,也可以根据几个动作之间的关系来选择主要动词。对于次要动词,一般有以下几种处理方式:
a. 用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词
(首都经贸大学
The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year, closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.
b. 用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念
2. 加修饰
修饰语的作用:让句子更加丰满,有血有肉;逻辑更加明确,有条有理。
用得最多的两种修饰语——定语和状语
定语和状语的种类,单个单词、短语和从句
1. 单词
2. 短语
3. 从句
2.1单词
单词作定语一般在中心词前;作状语则位置比较灵活,可以在句子开头、动词前、或者句子末尾。
On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden.
2.2 短语
短语的种类一般有:介词短语、分词短语和不定式短语,这三者作定语,位置总是在名词后;作状语的位置则可以灵活安排,但是
介词短语一般表时间和地点,分词短语一般表伴随和原因,不定式短语一般表目的。 加修饰的方法——3. 从句
3. 从句的作用很大,能让句子变得复杂,能体现译员对长句和难句的把握能力,可以适当多用,尤其是在句与句之间的衔接上